Recent academic assessments of the potential for secure Internet-based voting have been extremely pessimistic. A panel assembled to review the Department of Defense’s SERVE (Secure Electronic Registration and Voting Experiment) project– a system designed to allow foreign-based members of the armed services to vote online in Federal elections, which was nearly deployed for the 2004 election–conc...

Using a quasi-natural voting experiment encompassing a 160-year period (1848-2009) in Switzerland, we investigate whether a higher level of complexity leads to increased reliance on trusted parliamentary representatives. We find that when more referenda are held on the same day, constituents are more likely to refer to parliamentary recommendations when making their decisions. This finding hold...

Matrix scaling is the problem of assigning values to the elements of a matrix that are proportional to a given input matrix. The assignment should fulfill a set of row-and column-sum requirements. We propose a new method that differs from divisor–type methods appeared until now in the literature. This method combines the largest remainder apportionment and bi–proportional rounding. Exhaustive a...

The introduction of France’s “parity” law in 2000 raised fears of electing inferior women candidates via a gender quota. France has since held two legislative elections, with the proportion of women in parliament rising from 10.9% to 12.3% in 2002, and 18.5% in 2007. These rises permit an empirical evaluation of whether “quota women” measure up to those elected without a quota. New women parlia...

This article intends to clarify views regarding important challenges that have originated from the political, social, cultural and geopolitical structures in the elections systems of Persian Gulf Arab countries. Challenges that determine the compatibility levels of elections systems of these countries with the world’s democratic systems. An efficient elections system is the prerequisite for the...

Parliamentary threshold or parliamentary is a requirement for the acquisition of votes by political parties participating in general election which aims to be able send representatives parliament. The existence expected provide change accommodate all groups, but that have not been meet requirements related threshold, matters their legislative candidates will eliminated. So this gives impression...