OBJECTIVE Sometimes a vertebral artery (VA) enters the spinal canal via the C1-2 intervertebral space, a variation regarded as a C2 segmental-type VA. This paper describes the anatomy of the C2 segmental-type VA and reviews its clinical importance. METHODS Between March 2014 and November 2015, 3386 patients underwent computed tomographic angiography. I identified C2 segmental-type VAs, associ...

AIM To investigate the feasibility of placing a screw in the C2 lamina and evaluate the reliability of the surface of the dorsal arch of C2 as a landmark for determining the optimal site of screw entry. MATERIAL AND METHODS 88 adult human C2 spines were used. Seven measurements were determined for screw entry points, trajectories, and lengths for placement of intralaminar screws. RESULTS Th...

BACKGROUND Positive spinal regional and global sagittal malalignment has been repeatedly shown to correlate with pain and disability in thoracolumbar fusion. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between regional cervical sagittal alignment and postoperative outcomes for patients receiving multilevel cervical posterior fusion. METHODS From 2006 to 2010, 113 patients received multilevel pos...

It is proved that each group of order 32 that has a maximal subgroup isomorphic to C2×C2×C2×C2 or C4×C4 is determined by its endomorphism semigroup in the class of all groups.

Definition. A couple of complex reduced projective plane curves C1 and C2 of a same degree is said to make a Zariski pair, if there exist tubular neighborhoods T (Ci) ⊂ P of Ci for i = 1, 2 such that (T (C1), C1) and (T (C2), C2) are diffeomorphic, while the pairs (P, C1) and (P , C2) are not homeomorphic; that is, the singularities of C1 and C2 are topologically equivalent, but the embeddings ...

A vast amount of protein sequence data accumulated over recent years has revealed that protein modules are widespread in nature. Many intracellular and extracellular proteins consist, in part or fully, of combinations of protein modules. C2-domains, together with SH2, PTB, PH, SH3, WW, and PDZ domains, are typical examples of intracellular protein modules. These modules form independently foldi...

Ceramide, formed by sphingomyelinase, is involved in the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This study examines the effect of C2-ceramide (C2), a cell-permeable ceramide analog, on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-inducible COX-2 expression and signaling pathways. C2 did not induce COX-2 but potentiated LPS-inducible COX-2 expression in Raw264.7 cells, whereas dihydro-C2 was inactive. Treatmen...