When liposomes, as a superior drug carrier, are injected intravenously, active liposomes as medicines require polyethyleneglycol (PEG) as a modification tool around the liposomal membrane. PEG modification of a liposome forms a fixed aqueous layer, and the trapping by cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) is avoided. Hence, PEG-modified liposomes have long circulation in the bloodstream...

Brazilian Guidelines to HCV treatment (2007) recommended that the first choice treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and genotype 2 or 3 is interferon alpha (IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) for 24 weeks. The aim of this study is compare the cost and effectiveness to Hepatitis C treatment in patients with genotype 2 or 3 of peginterferon alpha (PEG) as the first choice of treatment wit...

The aim of the study was to assess the role of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in osmotic stress tolerance of wheat seedlings. This was accomplished by determining the impact of the acids applied exogenously on seedlings grown under osmotic stress in hydroponics. The investigation was unique in its comprehensiveness, examining changes under osmotic stress and other conditions, and t...

Tannins are a heterogeneous group of phenolic polymers that can induce detrimental effects when consumed by herbivores. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) binds to tannins and thus attenuates their negative effects. Our objective was to determine whether sheep actively seek PEG when fed tannins and thus modify their foraging location as a function of the spatial distribution of PEG. Lambs were first tra...

Treatment of cancer metastasized to bone is still a challenge due to hydrophobicity, instability, and lack of target specificity of anticancer drugs. Poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (ε-caprolactone) polymer (PEG-PCL) is an effective, biodegradable, and biocompatible hydrophobic drug carrier, but lacks bone specificity. Polyaspartic acid with eight peptide sequences, that is, (Asp)8, has a strong af...

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a highly investigated polymer for the covalent modification of biological macromolecules and surfaces for many pharmaceutical and biotechnical applications. In the modification of biological macromolecules, peptides and proteins are of extreme importance. Reasons for PEGylation (i.e. the covalent attachment of PEG) of peptides and proteins are numerous and include...

A polyethylene glycol-poly(ε-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine) (PEG-SS-PLL) block copolymer based on a disulfide-linked, novel biodegradable catiomer bearing a PEG-sheddable shell was developed to avoid "PEG dilemma" in nanoparticle intracellular tracking of PEG-PLL where PEG was nondegradable. However, PEG-SS-PLL catiomers have not been used to deliver small interfering VEGF RNA (siVEGF) in antiangi...

The in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and of nitrogen (IVND) was measured on six leguminous tropical shrubs and the grass Panicum maximum, in the presence and absence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000. The PEG was spiked with C-labelled PEG 4000 so that PEG remaining in the residues after digestion could be calculated. This was subtracted from the residues to enable a corrected IVDMD...

Persistent enterocutaneous fistula after the removal of a gastrostomy tube is an unusual complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). The following case report describes an 81-year-old man diagnosed with stroke and dysphagia in May 2008. The patient had been using a PEG since 2008, and PEG site infection occurred in June 2013. The PEG tube was removed and a new PEG tube was insert...

Pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) in combination with ribavirin is the standard of care in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (HCV). Peg-IFN is known to have a number of side effects but severe respiratory complications are uncommon. We report two cases, one of Peg-IFN induced interstitial pneumonitis (IP) and the other of bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia (BOOP) in patients with chr...