Blast cells which were derived from rat lymphocytes by stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) transformed within 2-3 days into a new type of lymphocytes when plated without mitogen on embryo fibroblast monolayers. These lymphocytes were termed secondary lyrophocytes. Upon addition of PWM to PWM-secondary lymphocytes a marked adherence to fib...

An open-end winding induction motor, fed by two 2-level inverters connected at either end produces space vector locations, identical to those of a conventional 3-level inverter. In this paper, two switching algorithms are proposed to implement space vector PWM for the dual inverter scheme. The proposed algorithms do not employ any look-up tables. The time consuming task of sector identification...

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is known for simple digital-to-analog conversion and motor current control. But up to now, PWM is not known for high speed communication. This paper shows how to implement the physical layer of a fully digital PWM-based communication system. For performance reasons the PWM senders and receivers are implemented using asynchronous logic. The proposed calibration proce...

This paper proposes an improved design to calculate the snubber auxiliary elements of ZVT DC-DC PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch. The proposed improved design guidelines are based on the reduction of the conduction losses through the auxiliary circuit. It is accomplished by the unique location of the turn-off snubber capacitor, which is shared by both active switches. By me...

 The advent of the transformerless multilevel inverter topology has brought forth various pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes as a means to control the switching of the active devices in each of the multiple voltage levels in the inverter. An analysis of how existing multilevel carrier-based PWM affects switch utilization for the different levels of a diode-clamped inverter is conducted. Two ...

The objective is to develop a fault diagnose scheme for MOSFET’s open switch faults for PWM voltage source inverter (PWM-VSI) motor drives. Here system monitors line to line voltage as well as switching signals nevertheless the triggering time of MOSFET, under both healthy and faulty conditions. So the measurement of line to line voltage is taken which gives the information about switching stat...

The aim of study of this paper is design and implementation of a simple and efficient soft switched Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) for three-phase induction motor drives. Soft-switching techniques have gained popularity in recent times because they offer many advantages over hard-switched Pulse Width Modulated inverters such as higher efficiency, higher power density and better performances. The ...

The B lymphocyte subpopulations producing immunoglobulin (Ig)E and the regulatory T cells modulating this IgE production in normals, and in atopic patients with respiratory allergy, atopic dermatitis, and markedly elevated serum IgE levels (>5,000 ng/ml), were investigated. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were separated into T and B cell fractions and the ability of B cells to produce IgE in...

A traveling wave-type ultrasonic motor (USM) has a self-locking characteristic due to a static frictional force present when its power supply is turned off, because its rotor is pressed strongly to the stator in the USM. We propose a pulse width modulation (PWM) method in consideration of this self-locking characteristic in order to control the motion of USM. The vibration waveform and the driv...

In this paper, characteristics of blushless direct current (BLDC) motor including core loss are analyzed considering pulse width modulation (PWM) of inverter. Input voltage of BLDC motor due to PWM is calculated considering duty ratio and carrier frequency of inverter in order to control torque or speed of BLDC motor. For the calculation of core loss, the input current with harmonics due to PWM...