Cyclic nucleotides directly enhance the opening of the tetrameric CNG and HCN channels, although the mechanism remains unclear. We examined why HCN and certain CNG subunits form functional homomeric channels, whereas other CNG subunits only function in heteromeric channels. The "defect" in the CNGA4 subunit that prevents its homomeric expression was localized to its C-linker, which connects the...

In retinal rods, light-induced isomerization of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal within rhodopsin triggers an enzyme cascade that lowers the concentration of cGMP. Consequently, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels close, generating the first electrical response to light. After isomerization, all-trans-retinal dissociates from rhodopsin. We now show that all-trans-retinal directly and ...

Growing evidence suggests that the main olfactory epithelium contains a subset of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) responding to pheromones. One candidate subpopulation expresses the calcium activated cation channel TRPM5 (transient receptor potential channel M5). Using GFP driven by the TRPM5 promoter in mice, we show that this subpopulation responds to putative pheromones, urine, and major hi...

Olfactory neurons expressing the same odorant receptor converge to a small number of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. In turn, mitral and tufted cells receive and relay this information to higher cortical regions. In other sensory systems, correlated neuronal activity is thought to refine synaptic connections during development. We asked whether the pattern of connections between olfactory sens...

in this paper, first design and analysis history of full metal cng cylinders for vehicle are investigated. next with respect to the cng worldwide standards, a full metal type cylinder is designed and analysed. then the numerical analysis results and practical results are compared, and the correctness of the investigation is verified. in the end, the most suitable alloy with respect to the dimen...

Compressed biomethane gas (CBG) is an interesting alternative fuel that can be used to solve fossil crisis problems. Nevertheless, it concerned about engine performance and exhaust emission. In additions, CBG produced from agricultural harvesting residues the food industry a good opportunity for utilizing biogas as vehicle fuel. The aims of this research are comparative analysis emission on com...

Olfactory neurons transduce the binding of odorants into membrane depolarization. Two intracellular messengers, cyclic AMP (cAMP) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3), are thought to mediate this process, with cAMP generating responses to some odorants and IP3 mediating responses to others. cAMP causes membrane depolarization by activating a cation-selective cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel. W...

This document describes a machine-learning solution to the spam-filtering problem. Spam-filtering is treated as a text-classification problem in very high dimension space. Two new text-classification algorithms, Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) and Contextual Network Graphs (CNG) are compared to existing Bayesian techniques by monitoring their ability to process and correctly classify a series of...