Fungicide-resistant Alternaria alternata impede the practical control of the Alternaria diseases in crop fields. This study aimed to investigate cytological fungicide resistance mechanisms of A. alternata against dicarboximide fungicide iprodione. A. alternata isolated from cactus brown spot was cultured on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) with or without iprodione, and the fungal cultures with diffe...

The N-heterocyclic olefin, IPr=CH(2) (IPr = [(HCNDipp)(2)C], Dipp = 2,6-(i)Pr(2)C(6)H(3)) has been demonstrated to be of sufficient Lewis basicity to stabilize main group hydrides in unusually low oxidation states.

In this paper an algorithm for computing the Balaban and Randic indices of any simple connected graph was introduced. Also these indices were computed for IPR C80 fullerene isomers, Zigzag nanotubes and graphene by GAP program.

We develop a model to analyze one mechanism under which stronger intellectual property rights (IPR) protection may improve the ability of firms in developing countries to break into export markets. A Northern firm with a superior process technology chooses either exports or technology transfer through licensing as its mode of supplying the Southern market, based on local IPR policy. Given this ...

The value of intellectual proprietary rights (IPRs) for technology standardization in emerging information and communications technologies has increased. The inherently closed nature of IPR seems to be in direct conflict with the openness necessary to spread a technology, but organizations are creating strategies to maneuver aspects of IPR so that they can create standards as well as protect th...

A simple intellectual property rights (IPRs) framework is introduced into a dynamic quality ladder model of technological diffusion between innovating firms in one country and imitating firms in another country. The presence of technological spillovers and feedback effects between firms in the two countries demonstrates that, even when steady state growth increases, transition costs sometimes d...

We examine South’s incentive to protect IPR in a North-South duopoly model where (i) the North firm owns a better technology and has the option of serving the South market via exports or FDI, and (ii) the South firm can invest in absorptive capacity to reduce the technology gap. While FDI by North firm makes absorption easier for South, investment in absorptive capacity by the South firm might ...

We analysed the use of professional representative services and related outcomes in patent, utility model, design right trademark filings. found that: 1) there is a positive association between likelihood grant or registration; 2) demand for intellectual property rights (IPR) heterogeneous IPR types: applicants are most likely to hire representatives (IPR agents attorneys) patents, followed by ...