در میان شبکۀ معابر شهری، راه‌های اضطراری امدادرسانی حین زلزله، به‌ویژه مرحلۀ پاسخ به بحران، نقش مهمی ایفا می‌کنند. حفظ عملکرد این شبکه از معابر، ساعات اولیۀ پس اهمیت بسزایی دارد. محافظت و مقاوم‌سازی اجزای آسیب‌پذیر شبکه، به‌خصوص پل‌ها، پیش وقوع تأثیر شایان توجهی کاهش خسارات آسیب‌ها اغلب اوقات تمامی آسیب‌پذیر، به‌دلیل محدودیت بودجه، عملاً ناممکن است. ایجاب می‌کند که با شناسایی دقیق گزینه‌های ابتد...

Social media makes fast inroads into corporate workplaces. Enterprise Social Networking (ESN) is associated with improved communication, information-sharing and has been argued to lead to more democratic communication patterns, whereby users increasingly derive authority from their contributions to the network rather than their position in the formal hierarchy. At the same time, this developmen...

Alternative N fertilizers that produce low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soil are needed to reduce the impacts of agricultural practices on global warming potential (GWP). We quantified and compared growing season fluxes of NO, CH, and CO resulting from applications of different N fertilizer sources, urea (U), urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN), ammonium nitrate (NHNO), poultry litter, and comme...

The neural crest and neurogenic placodes are thought to be a vertebrate innovation that gives rise tomuch of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Despite their importance for understanding chordate evolution and vertebrate origins, little is known about the evolutionary origin of these structures. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the development of ascidian trunk epidermal sensor...

The vanishing gradients problem inherent in Simple Recurrent Networks (SRN) trained with back-propagation, has led to a significant shift towards the use of Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) and Echo State Networks (ESN), which overcome this problem through either second order error-carousel schemes or different learning algorithms respectively. This paper re-opens the case for SRN-based approaches...

A possible alternative to topology fine-tuning for Neural Network (NN) optimization is to use Echo State Networks (ESNs), recurrent NNs built upon a large reservoir of sparsely randomly connected neurons. The promises of ESNs have been fulfilled for supervised learning tasks, but unsupervised ones, e.g. control problems, require more flexible optimization methods – such as Evolutionary Algorith...

Variation among individuals is a prerequisite of evolution by natural selection. As such, identifying the origins of variation is a fundamental goal of biology. We investigated the link between gene interactions and variation in gene expression among individuals and species using the mammalian limb as a model system. We first built interaction networks for key genes regulating early (outgrowth;...

In this paper we consider the stochastic recurrence equation Yt = AtYt−1 + Bt for an i.i.d. sequence of pairs (At ,Bt ) of nonnegative random variables, where we assume that Bt is regularly varying with index κ > 0 and EAt < 1. We show that the stationary solution (Yt ) to this equation has regularly varying finite-dimensional distributions with index κ . This implies that the partial sums Sn =...