In this study, we examine macrocyclic compounds to determine whether they can provide a safer replacement and stable complex for BPA in thermochromic dyes. To achieve objective, series of compounds, Methyl-N-benzylhexahomotriazacalix[3]arene (MeAC3), p-Chloro-N-benzylhexahomo-triazacalix[3]arene (ClAC3), ?-Cyclodexdrin (?-CD), ?-Cyclodexdrin (?-CD), p-tert-Butylthiacalix[4]arene (TC4), Calix[4]...

The property that the stream cipher RC4 can generate the same keystream outputs under two different secret keys has been discovered recently. The principle that how the two different keys can achieve a collision is well known by investigating the key scheduling algorithm of RC4. However, how to find those colliding key pairs is a different story, which has been largely remained unexploited. Pre...

The Open Smart Grid Protocol (OSGP) is a widely used industry standard for exchanging sensitive data between devices inside of smart grids. For message confidentiality, OSGP implements a customised form of the RC4 stream cipher. In this work, we show how already known weaknesses of RC4 can be exploited to successfully attack the OSGP implementation as well. The attack modification is able to ef...

The Open Smart Grid Protocol (OSGP) is a widely used industry standard for exchanging sensitive data between devices inside of smart grids. For message confidentiality, OSGP implements a customised form of the RC4 stream cipher. In this work, we show how already known weaknesses of RC4 can be exploited to successfully attack the OSGP implementation as well. The attack modification is able to ef...

In this paper, we present an security protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). It is based on the forward and backward property of RC4 states and achieves data confidentiality, data authentication, data integrity, and data freshness with low overhead and simple operation. Furthermore, an RC4-based hash function for the generation of Message Authentication Code (MAC) is presented. The propo...

Encryption algorithms are known to be computationally intensive. They consume a significant amount of computing resources such as CPU time, memory, and battery power. A wireless device, usually with very limited resources, especially battery power, is subject to the problem of energy consumption due to encryption algorithms. Designing energy efficient security protocols first requires an unders...