The last several decades have seen the emergence of intellectual property rights (IPRs), especially patents, as a key issue in developments across the fields of law, the economy and the biosciences, and as part of the burgeoning “bioeconomy”. This paper examines how the categories of nature and knowledge, so vital to IPR regimes that support bioeconomy-type projects, are challenged by the alleg...

Visual motion, a critical cue in communication, can be manipulated and studied using video playback methods. A primary concern for the video playback researcher is the degree to which objects presented on video appear natural to the non-human subject. Here we argue that the quality of motion cues on video, as determined by the video's image presentation rate (IPR), are of particular importance ...

AbstrAct The DVB Project is a European-based standards forum that for close to 15 years has been developing specifications for digital video broadcasting, many now implemented worldwide. Its IPR policy has several novel elements. These include " negative disclosure, " the obligation of each member to license IPRs essential to DVB specifications unless it gives notice of the unavailability of th...

The U.S. catfish industry is seeking production systems that are efficient, intensive, and profitable. Growing foodsize stocker-sized fish in the same pond attractive as it often difficult to obtain larger-sized stockers early each year. This case study evaluated performance economics of producing hybrid fingerlings in-pond raceway (IPRS) placed into four 0.4 ha ponds. Growout raceways (RW1/RW2...

The conflict between intellectual property rights and standardization has become clearly visible with the examples of the second generation (2G) wireless GSM system and the third generation’s (3G) WCDMA and CDMA-2000 systems. Now, on the verge of standardizing fourth generation (4G) systems, the mobile telecommunications industry has become highly sensitive to issues resulting from the ownershi...

The reawakened interest in competition issues in agricultural markets might appear to have found its ideal poster child in the seed industry. Concentration is high and market structure has shown remarkable dynamics over the last 15 years, with high-profile mergers and acquisitions by key players. A dominant firm— Monsanto—seems to have emerged, at least from the perspective of biotech traits pe...

Abstract. Primary ice formation in mixed-phase clouds is initiated by a minute subset of the ambient aerosol population, called ice-nucleating particles (INPs). The knowledge about their atmospheric concentration, composition, and source cloud-relevant environments still limited. During 2017 joint INUIT/CLACE (Ice Nuclei research UnIT/CLoud–Aerosol Characterization Experiment) field campaign, o...

The effects of stocking density on growth performance, serum biochemistry, digestive enzymes, immune response, and muscle quality largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) reared in nine in-pond raceway systems (IPRS, 22.0 m × 5.0 2.0 m) were studied. M. salmoides with initial an body weight 8.25 ± 0.51 g length 6.99 0.44 cm at 90.91 ind./m3 (low density, LSD), 113.63 (middle MSD), 136.36 (high H...