background: it is now well established that several environmental stress factors cause activation of p38 map kinase and jnk in various cell types to produce chemokines. objective: to investigate the expression of cxc chemokines gro/kc and sdf- 1a in rat's h4 hepatoma cells in response to heat shock, hyperosmolarity and oxidative stress. methods: hepatoma cells were maintained in mem medium...

The four histones of the nucleosome core particle are all subject to enzyme-catalysed, post-translational acetylation at defined lysine residues in their amino-terminal domains. Much circumstantial evidence suggests a role for this process in modifying chromatin structure and function, but detailed mechanisms have not been defined. To facilitate studies on the functional significance of histone...

Background: Rtt106 is a histone H3-H4 chaperone. Results: Rtt106 oligomerizes through its N terminus and binds (H3-H4)2 tetramers in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: Rtt106 likely deposits (H3-H4)2 tetramers to promote nucleosome assembly. Significance:Determining the stoichiometry ofH3-H4molecules that associate with Rtt106will increase our understanding on how nucleosomes are formed during S ph...

To determine the origin of >4,000 suspected diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated during 2004-2011 in South Africa, we identified 7 isolates as serotype O104; 5 as enteroaggregative E. coli O104:H4, and 2 as enteropathogenic E. coli O104:non-H4. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that these isolates were unrelated to the 2011 E. coli O104:H4 outbreak strain from Germany.

A real-time multiplex PCR targeting stx(2), wzy(O104), and fliC(H4) of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O104:H4 correctly determined the presence or absence of these genes in 253 EHEC isolates and enrichment cultures of stool samples from 132 patients. It is a rapid, sensitive, and specific tool for detecting EHEC O104:H4 in human stools.

BACKGROUND Although CD4 T cells are crucial for defense against M.tb, it is still not clear whether the optimal response against M.tb in fact involves both CD4 and CD8 T cells. To test this, we used a new vaccine strategy that generated a strong balanced T cell response consisting of both CD4 and CD8 T cells. METHODS AND FINDINGS To compare CD4 and CD8 responses against Ag85B-TB10.4 (H4), H4 ...

Previous studies indicated that B7-H4, the youngest B7 family, negatively regulates T cell-mediated immunity and is significantly overexpressed in many human tumors. Tumor stem cells are purported to play a role in tumor renewal and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. However, the link between B7-H4 and tumor stem cells is unclear. In this study, we investigated B7-H4 expression in the me...

A közgazdaságtan a társadalom gazdasági folyamatait elemzi. Egy bevezetésben célszerű a részletek mellőzésével az egész közgazdaságtant áttekinteni. A közgazdaságtan magva a mikroökonómia, amely a fogyasztók és a vállalatok döntéseit adott gazdasági keretek mellett vizsgálja. Bemutatja, hogy a profitmaximalizáló vállalatok és a hasznosságmaximalizáló egyének összjátékából hogyan alakul ki a pia...