Hypothesis / aims of study Phytotherapeutic agents, including Saw palmetto extract (SPE), are popular in many European countries as herbal remedies represent up to 80% of all drugs prescribed for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). However, the mechanism of pharmacological action of SPE is not fully elucidated. Animal experiments with SPE have ...

Canonical models of Markov decision processes (MDPs) usually consider geometric discounting based on a constant discount factor. While this standard modeling approach has led to many elegant results, some recent studies indicate the necessity time-varying in certain applications. This paper model infinite-horizon MDPs with factors. We take game-theoretic perspective – whereby each time step is ...

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 This research applied a nanostructured electrochemical sensor with screen-printed electrode (SPE) for examining the dopamine (DA) electrocatalytic oxidation when uric acid (UA) was present. Cu(salophen) modified SPE Cu(salophen)/SPE employed to investigate behavior of DA. At optimal pH (pH 7.0), DA at takes place potential around 100 mV less positive than unmodified SPE. Chronoamperomet...

INTRODUCTION Since McCormick [1] introduced a method for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction, known as solid-phase extraction (SPE), SPE using silica material [2] has become an essential technology for integrated point-of-care (POC) microsystem [3]. Recently, Price et al. provided an overview of these techniques [4], however it is still not easy to find the optimal solution for the microflui...

We introduce the notions of weakly and strongly positively expansive (wPE and sPE, respectively) discrete dynamical systems. Both are topological generalizations of the well-known metric notion of positive expansiveness (PE). We prove that the three notions are identical on compact metrizable spaces, but not on noncompact spaces. We investigate properties of PE, wPE, and sPE dynamical systems a...