BACKGROUND The aim of this study was the evaluation of a fast Gradient Spin Echo Technique (GraSE) for cardiac T2-mapping, combining a robust estimation of T2 relaxation times with short acquisition times. The sequence was compared against two previously introduced T2-mapping techniques in a phantom and in vivo. METHODS Phantom experiments were performed at 1.5 T using a commercially availabl...

PURPOSE Image-guided treatment of low-flow vascular (venous or lymphatic) malformations presents a challenging visualization problem, regardless of the imaging modality being used for guidance. The purpose of this study was to employ a new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence, T2 -weighted interrupted balanced steady-state free precession (T2 W-iSSFP), for real-time image guidance of needl...

The sequential deiodination of thyroxine (T4) gives rise to several iodothyronine analogs including 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) and 3',5'-diiodothyronine (3',5'-T2). In vitro animal studies suggest that the liver and the kidneys are the main sites of both formation and degradation of 3,3'-T2 and 3',5'-T2. To determine the metabolism of 3,3'-T2 and 3',5'-T2 in human liver and kidneys plasma s...

The objectives of this study were: 1) to examine effects of a dietary sodium bentonite, ASTRABEN–20 (AB20) [Prince Agri Products, Inc., Quincy, Ill.], on in vitro binding of T2 toxin and aflatoxin B (AFB1); ® 1 and 2) to examine the effects of AB20 in broiler chicks fed 6 ppm dietary T2 toxin (T2) or 4 ppm aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to 21 d. Day-old male broiler chicks were randomly placed in batterie...

Q: Consider an uncorrelated (white) Gaussian signal s(t). Calculate its 3rd and 4th order moments, m3 = ⟨s(t1)s(t2)s(t3)⟩ and m4 = ⟨s(t1)s(t2)s(t3)s(t4)⟩. Confirm with simulation. The third moment m3 = ⟨s(t1)s(t2)s(t3)⟩ is zero. Namely, if t1 ̸= t2 ̸= t3 then m3 = ⟨s⟩ = 03 = 0. If t1 = t2 = t3, m3 = ⟨ s3 ⟩ = ́ N (0, σ2)x3dx = 0, as this is the integral over an odd function. For t1 = t2 ̸= t3, m3 = ...

Background T2 is sensitive to hemoglobin oxygen saturation (%HbO2). Non-invasive, rapid in-vivo quantification of %HbO2 based on the T2 of blood may be useful in patients with congenital heart disease. Although singleshot, T2-prepared SSFP enables rapid myocardial T2 quantification [1], flow sensitivity of the T2 preparation, especially at later echo times, may cause an underestimation of T2 va...