Opioid receptors are currently classified as mu (mu: mOP), delta (delta: dOP), kappa (kappa: kOP) with a fourth related non-classical opioid receptor for nociceptin/orphainin FQ, NOP. Morphine is the current gold standard analgesic acting at MOP receptors but produces a range of variably troublesome side-effects, in particular tolerance. There is now good laboratory evidence to suggest that blo...

Dopamine-modulated behaviors, including information processing and reward, are subject to behavioral plasticity. Disruption of these behaviors is thought to support drug addictions and psychoses. The plasticity of dopamine-mediated behaviors, for example, habituation and sensitization, are not well understood at the molecular level. We show that in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a D1-like...

The Degree of Polarization (DoP) a light beam inside medium contains unique information about the medium. 3D imaging techniques constitute an optimal procedure for determining DoP under low conditions, as computational reconstruction process can increase signal-to-noise ratio detected light. definition division by total number photons from sensor. However, photon starved at single time period m...

We aimed at elucidating the influence of shear-induced structures (shear-enhanced concentration fluctuations and/or shear-induced phase separation), as observed by rheo-optical methods with small-angle light scattering under shear flow (shear-SALS) and shear-microscopy, on viscoelastic properties in semidilute polystyrene (PS) solutions of 6.0 wt % concentration using dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as...

The degree of polarization (DOP) is an important tool in many optical measurement and imaging applications. We address the problem of its estimation in images that are perturbed with both speckle and photon noise, by determining the Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) when the illuminated materials are purely depolarizing. We demonstrate that the CRLBs are simply the sum of the CRLBs due to speckle...

Low copy number (LCN) DNA evidence (≤100pg) can become difficult to analyze with traditional STR analysis due to allele drop-out and increased stochastic effects. To overcome these limitations, whole genome amplification (WGA) has been investigated. Degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR (DOP-PCR), one form of WGA, uses a partially degenerate primer and a low annealing temperature (30oC) to gene...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The opioid receptor family comprises four structurally homologous but functionally distinct sub-groups, the μ (MOP), δ (DOP), κ (KOP) and nociceptin (NOP) receptors. As most opioid agonists are selective but not specific, a broad spectrum of behaviours due to activation of different opioid receptors is expected. In this study, we examine whether other opioid receptor syst...

The degree of polarization (DOP) of the light reflected from the optic nerve head has been assessed by means of a polarimetric scanning laser ophthalmoscope as a function of the age of the participants. Four fundus images corresponding to independent polarization states in the recording pathway were used to compute the spatially-resolved DOP. This was not uniform across the optic nerve head and...

Mueller matrices provide a complete characterization of the optical polarization properties of biological tissue. A polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was built and used to investigate the optical polarization properties of biological tissues and other turbid media. The apparent degree of polarization (DOP) of the backscattered light was measured with both liquid a...

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n Data-Oriented Parsing (DOP) models of natural language embody the assumpt ion that human language perception and pr~duction works with representations of past language experiences, rather than with abstract grammar rules (cf. Bod 1992, 95; Scha 1992; Sima'an 1995; Rajman 1995). DOP models therefore maintaiIi hu'gc corpora of linguistic representations of previously oc...