TAK-242 (resatorvid), a small-molecule-specific inhibitor of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling, inhibits the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators by binding to the intracellular domain of TLR4. Cys747 in TLR4 has been identified previously as the binding site of TAK-242. However, the mechanism by which TAK-242 inhibits TLR4 signaling after binding to TLR4 remains u...

Purpose: To investigate the effect of Quyu Xiaozhong recipe (QYXZR) on acute mastitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus in rats via TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway.
 Methods: The rat model was constructed injecting into fourth pair nipples 5-7 days after parturition. were treated with drugs 12 h injection. Pathological changes mammary tissue determined using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. ...

BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a conserved family of innate immune recognition receptors. Among TLRs, TLR4 is important for the recognition of Gram-negative bacteria, whereas TLR2 recognizes cell wall constituents of Gram-positive microorganisms, such as peptidoglycan (PGN). METHODS To evaluate the role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury induced by Escherichia c...

BACKGROUND Aortic stenosis shares some ethiopathological features with atherosclerosis and increasing evidence links Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to atherogenesis. METHODS TLR-mediated inflammation and osteogenesis were investigated in human interstitial cells isolated from stenotic and non-stenotic aortic valves. TLR expression and signalling were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR, flow cytomet...

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important signaling receptor and plays a critical role in the inflammatory response. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a nuclear enzyme that can regulate the expression of various inflammatory genes. In this study, we investigated the role and the underlying mechanisms of PARP1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS...

Toll-like receptor (TLR) family are receptors for extracellular or intracellular signaling, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. TLR induces the differentiation of human myeloid monocytic‑leukemia cells (THP-1) to macrophages. However, the relationship between extracellular or intracellular signaling and the TLR protein level remain to be determined. Using ...

To investigate the pathologic mechanisms of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in lung injury and atherosclerosis, ApoE⁻/⁻ or wild-type mice were intraperitoneally administered saline, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), or LPS plus TAK-242 (TLR4 inhibitor), respectively, twice a week for 4 weeks. Serum autoantibody of antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA), and cytokines of interfer...

Paeonia lactiflora Pall is one of the most well-known herbs in China, Korea, and Japan for more than 1,200 years. Paeoniflorin, the major bioactive component of peony root, has recently been reported to have anticolitic activity. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. The present study was to explore the possible mechanism of paeoniflorin in attenuating dextran sulfate sodium (...

Previous studies have demonstrated that ginsenosides Rg1 and Re extracted from the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer have adjuvant properties. However, the molecular mechanisms behind their adjuvant activities remain unclear. In the present study, we first investigated the adjuvant effect of Rg1 and Re on the immune responses to a model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) in C3H/HeB mice as well as in C3H/H...

Influenza virus is a common respiratory tract viral infection. Although influenza can be fatal in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. The Nrf2-mediated antioxidant system is essential to protect the lungs from oxidative injury and inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the role of Nrf2 in ...