A simple criterion that allows one to determine whether or not a given wave spectrum will generate zonal flows, is derived and analyzed. In the context of a coupled drift wave–zonal turbulence, the results are pertinent to the limit of small zonal flow damping, #d→0, in which previous analyses found that the turbulence vanishes. However, the practically important issue of the drift wave amplitu...

Zonal flow helps reduce and regulate the turbulent transport level in tokamaks. Rosenbluth and Hinton have shown that zonal flow damps to a nonvanishing residual level in collisionless M. Rosenbluth and F. Hinton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 724 1998 and collisional F. Hinton and M. Rosenbluth, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 41, A653 1999 banana regime plasmas. Recent zonal flow advances are summarized ...

Recent experiments showed a decrease of long range correlations during the application of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) [Y. Xu et al., Nucl. Fusion 51, 063020 (2011)]. This finding suggests that RMPs damp zonal flows. To elucidate the effect of the RMPs on zonal structures in drift wave turbulence, we construct a generalized Hasegawa-Wakatani model including RMP fields. The effect of t...

The winter wheat/summer fallow rotation is the most common cropping system in eastern Oregon. It is used to store winter precipitation and control weeds. This cropping system, however, destroys soil organic carbon, reduces water infiltration and thus leads to soil erosion, and is not sustainable. Conservation tillage, annual cropping, and the introduction of alternative crops are ways to improv...

The effects of cultivar mixture cropping on yield, biomass, and water use efficiency (WUE) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated under non-irrigation (W0, no irrigation during growth stage), one time irrigation (W1, irrigation applied at stem elongation) and two times irrigation (W2, irrigation applied at stem elongation and anthesis) conditions. Nearly 90% of cultivar mixtur...

Marton (Argillic Perched-gley Pallic, Typic Endoaqualf), Ohakune (Typic Orthic Allophanic, Typic Hapludand), and Westmere (Mottled Mafic Melanic, Mollic Hapludalf) soils with differing structural vulnerability were compared at matched sites under different land uses. Topsoil samples (0-10 cm) from indigenous forest (>50 yr), permanent pasture (>50 yr), pine plantation (>20 yr), or arable croppi...

In order to investigate the change rules and response characteristics of growth status on each component of poplar seedling followed by continuous cropping generations and growth period, we clear the biomass distribution pattern of poplar seedling, adapt continuous cropping, and provide theoretical foundation and technical reference on cultivation management of poplar seedling, the first genera...

We compare the zonal flow pattern in subsurface layers of the Sun with the distribution of surface magnetic features like sunspots and polar faculae. We demonstrate that in the activity belt, the butterfly pattern of sunspots coincides with the fast stream of zonal flows, although part of the sunspot distribution does spill over to the slow stream. At high latitudes, the polar faculae and zonal...

In this article, additional discussions on the nonlinear entropy transfer between turbulence and zonal flows are given for the isotope ion mass effects on the trapped-electron-mode (TEM) driven turbulent transport shown in Ref. 1. Spectral analyses with the triad entropy transfer function reveal that the case with heavier isotope ions indicates a relatively smaller negative transfer (from zonal...

We describe the zonal map, a data structure used for the visualization of large, time dependent molecular configurations in virtual environments. The governing idea of the zonal map is to use the user’s line of sight to define a region of interest onto which time critical algorithms can be applied. Two examples of time critical algorithms are given: for computing and rendering of solvent-access...