This paper examines the effect of the U.S.-Mexico trade agreement under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The results suggest that U.S. agricultural imports from Mexico have been responsive to tariff rate reductions applied to Mexican products. A one percentage point decrease in tariff rates is associated with an increase in U.S. agricultural imports from Mexico by 5.31% in the f...

The Pharmaceutical Industry witnessed a change after the formation of World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 when India, being a signatory member of WTO, adopted Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. Indian pharmaceutical industry, being a highly fragmented one and dominated mostly by a large number of smaller enterprises, was also apprehensive when TRIPS was ...

The establishment in 1995 of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the adoption of international trade agreements pertaining to food regulation currently have a significant impact on domestic regulatory policies established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and other agencies responsible for protecting consumers and ensuring the safety of the...

a r t i c l e i n f o The current literature suggests that tariff escalation (TE) lowers the competitiveness of processing sectors. Coffee and cotton are agricultural products that face the problem of TE in developing countries, where we observe low global coffee product export shares but high global cotton textile export shares, posing a question on TE's impact on competitiveness. This paper e...

the Secretariat of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Labour Office (ILO). It addresses an issue that is of concern to both organizations: the relationship between trade and employment. On the basis of an overview of the existing academic literature, the study provides an impartial view of what can be said, and with what degree of confidence, on the relationship between tr...

I n recent years, globalization has forced a deeper appreciation of the relationship between intellectual property (IP) law and global health. The threat of an emergent avian bird fl u pandemic led to calls for Roche to relax patent restrictions on oseltamivir, a drug with potential effi cacy against bird infl uenza [1,2]. In the context of the fall 2001 anthrax attacks, the US government faced...

International policies toward protecting intellectual property rights (IPRs) have seen profound changes over the past two decades. Rules on how to protect patents, copyrights, trademarks, and other forms of IPRs have become a standard component of international trade agreements. Most significantly, during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations (1986–94), members of what is today t...