One of the difficulties statistical machine translation (SMT) systems face are differences in word order. When translating from a language with rather fixed SVO word order, such as English, to a language where the preferred word order is dramatically different (such as the SOV order of Urdu, Hindi, Korean, ...), the system has to learn long-distance reordering of the words. Higher degree of fre...

abstract objective: diabetic peripheral neuropathy (dpn) is one of the most common complications of diabetes. beside the known factors such as hyperglycemia in the pathogenesis of this complication, other etiologies may play role in the pathogenesis of this complication. the aim of this study was the evaluation of the role of serum vitamin d and vitamin b12 levels in this process. material and ...

To investigate interhemispheric differences concerning unconscious human emotional responses processed, we measured human skin conductance responses (SCRs) to masked (unseen) emotional stimuli presented to left or right visual fields. Backward masking was used to preclude conscious processing of emotional stimuli. Masked negative or neutral emotional pictures from the International Affective Pi...

In the field of reinforcement learning, temporal difference (TD) learning is perhaps the most popular way to estimate the future discounted reward of states. We derive an equation for TD learning from statistical principles. Specifically, we start with the variational principle and then bootstrap to produce an updating rule for discounted state value estimates. The resulting equation is similar...

This paper studies conjoint measurement models tolerating intransitivities that closely resemble Tversky’s additive difference model while replacing additivity and subtractivity by mere decomposability requirements. We offer a complete axiomatic characterization of these models without having recourse to unnecessary structural assumptions on the set of objects. This shows the pure consequences ...