Ferroelectric materials are characterized by spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by inverting an external electric field. Owing to their unique properties, ferroelectric materials have found broad applications in microelectronics, computers, and transducers. Water molecules are dipolar and thus ferroelectric alignment of water molecules is conceivable when water freezes into ...

The restrictions on the resolution of transmission devices formed by wire media (arrays of conductive cylinders) recently proposed in Phys. Rev. B 71, 193105 (2005) and experimentally tested in Phys. Rev. B 73, 033108 (2006) are studied in this paper using both analytical and numerical modeling. It is demonstrated that such transmission devices have subwavelength resolution that can in principl...

We report measurements of the compressibility of a one-dimensional quantum wire, defined in the upper well of a GaAs/AlGaAs double quantum well heterostructure. A wire defined simultaneously in the lower well probes the ability of the upper wire to screen the electric field from a biased surface gate. The technique is sensitive enough to resolve spin splitting of the subbands in the presence of...

One possibility for propellantless propulsion in space is to use the momentum flux of the solar wind. A way to set up a solar wind sail is to have a set of thin long wires which are kept at high positive potential by an onboard electron gun so that the wires repel and deflect incident solar wind protons. The efficiency of this so-called electric sail depends on how large force a given solar win...

The paper presents the computation and measurement of electric field, in both electrostatic as well as ionized case, for dual electrode system intended for electrostatic applications. The dual electrode system consists of an ionizing and non-ionizing electrode have the same voltage and facing a grounded collecting plate. The charge simulation method (CSM) coupled with genetic algorithms (GAs) a...

Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) is applied to study the characteristics of electromagnetic interference for power plane-battery management system (PP-BMS) enclosure, for modeling the coupling of an incident electromagnetic pulse (EMP) with a conducting wire through a BMS enclosure and aperture on it. Simulation and analysis are done by radius of the wires, incidence angles of EMP in the co...

Electro-mechanical braking systems (see [9], References), also referred to as brake by-wire, replace conventional hydraulic braking systems with a completely “dry” electrical component system. This occurs by replacing conventional actuators with electric motor-driven units. This move to electronic control eliminates many of the manufacturing, maintenance, and environmental concerns associated w...

For the first time it is shown and experimentally confirmed that gas gain in wire chambers at very low pressure become higher on thicker wires at the same applied high voltage. This is a consequence of the fact that the first Townsend coefficient at high reduced electric field depends almost entirely on the electron's mean free path.

The dissociation of a water molecule in liquid water is the fundamental event in acid-base chemistry, determining the pH of water. Because of the short time scales and microscopic length scales involved, the dynamics of this autoionization have not been directly probed by experiment. Here, the autoionization mechanism is revealed by sampling and analyzing ab initio molecular dynamics trajectori...

In many studies concerning wire heating during MR imaging, a "resonant wire length" that maximizes RF heating is determined. This may lead to the nonintuitive conclusion that adding more wire, so as to avoid this resonant length, will actually improve heating safety. Through a theoretical analysis using the method of moments, we show that this behavior depends on the phase distribution of the R...