The large-scale features favoring tropical cyclogenesis and development are low vertical wind shear, below normal sea-level pressure and abnormally warm ocean temperatures. High wind shear is thought to inhibit development by preventing cumulonimbus condensation from collecting into a distinct heat source at the core of a disturbance. Also, it shears the initially delicate pattern of circulatio...

[1] The center of Hurricane Felix passed 85 km to the southwest of the Bermuda Testbed Mooring (BTM; 31 440N, 64 100W) site on 15 August 1995. Data collected in the upper ocean from the BTM during this encounter provide a rare opportunity to investigate the physical processes that occur in a hurricane’s wake. Data analyses indicate that the storm caused a large increase in kinetic energy at nea...

The authors investigate the effects of cloud–radiation interaction and vertical wind shear on convective ensembles interacting with large-scale dynamics in cloud-resolving model simulations, with the large-scale circulation parameterized using the weak temperature gradient approximation. Numerical experiments with interactive radiation are conducted with imposed surface heat fluxes constant in ...

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to investigate choice of land surface model (LSM) on the near surface wind profile, including heights reached by multi-megawatt (MW) wind turbines. Simulations of wind profiles and surface energy fluxes were made using five LSMs of varying degrees of sophistication in dealing with soil–plant–atmosphere feedbacks for the Department of Ener...

Authors’ address: Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540. An aircraft can deviate disastrously from its intended flight path if strong, varying wind (wind shear) is encountered near the ground. Severe low-altitude wind shear, such as produced by the microburst, has caused at least 24 aviation accidents in the last 25 years [l]. Efforts are under...

This paper focuses on a hydraulic radius separation approach used to calculate the boundary shear stress in terms of bed and wall shear stress proposed in a trapezoidal channel. The average bed and sidewall shear stress in smooth trapezoidal open channels are derived after using Guo & Julien (2005) early equations taking a part of an investigation to cover both rectangular and trapezoidal chann...

The climatic conditions in the Arctic, and observations of the wind-induced drift of ice made in connexion with Fridtjof Nansen’s Fram expedition, led to the discovery 100 years ago by Vilhelm Bjerknes’ pupil, V.W. Ekman, of the importance of the Earth’s rotation in limiting the depth of the wind-induced shear current in the ocean. This essay commemorates the centenary of Ekman’s seminal paper,...

this study deals with the applications of a trigonometric shear deformation theory considering the effect of the transverse shear deformation on the static flexural analysis of the soft core sandwich beams. the theory gives realistic variation of the transverse shear stress through the thickness, and satisfies the transverse shear stress free conditions at the top and bottom surfaces of the bea...

three-dimensional surface geometry of rock discontinuities and its evolution with shearing are of great importance in understanding the deformability and hydro-mechanical behavior of rock masses. in the present research, surfaces of three natural rock fractures were digitized and studied before and after the direct shear test. the variography analysis of the surfaces indicated a strong non-line...