In this contribution I summarize our current knowledge of the nature and significance of starburst-driven galactic winds (“superwinds”). Superwinds are complex multiphase outflows of cool, warm, and hot gas, dust, and magnetized relativistic plasma. The observational manifestations of superwinds result from the hydrodynamical interaction between the primary energy-carrying wind fluid and the am...

The nearby GRB 060216/SN 2006aj was an extremely long, weak and very soft GRB. While it was peculiar in many aspects its late (> 10 sec) X-ray afterglow showed a canonical power law decay. Assuming that this component arises due to a relativistic blast wave decelerated by a circumburst matter we infer that the blast wave’s kinetic energy was rather high, 5 × 10 erg, close to what is seen in oth...

Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) can be found near the continental shelf break around most of Antarctica. Advection of this relatively warm water (up to 28C) across the continental shelf to the base of floating ice shelves is thought to be a critical source of heat for basal melting in some locations. A high-resolution (4 km) regional ocean–sea ice–ice shelf model of the west Antarctic Peninsula (W...

Magnetic fluctuations in the solar wind are distributed according to Kolmogorov’s power law f below the ion cyclotron frequency fci. Above this frequency, the observed steeper power law is usually interpreted in two different ways: a dissipative range of the solar wind turbulence or another turbulent cascade, the nature of which is still an open question. Using the Cluster magnetic data we show...

The afterglow emission that follows gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) contains valuable information about the circumburst medium and, therefore, about the GRB progenitor. Theoretical studies of GRB blast waves, however, are often limited to simple density profiles for the external medium (mostly constant density and power-law R−k ones). We argue that a large fraction of long-duration GRBs should take pla...

 Knowledge of the Saxaul dimensions used in sand dunes stabilization is considered essential for designing live windbreak in desert regions. This research aimed to collect and analysis data and was performed on the pruned and control shrubs of Haloxylon aphyllum L. in Yazd province, Iran in the last two decades. Our review clearly showed the superiority of shrubs pruned at the height of 35 cm i...

purpose: to evaluate the underlying causes of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (rrd) in eyes operated for this reasion. methods: out of 1473 patients who underwent retinal detachment surgery, records of 369 patients were randomly selected and evaluated for the types of retinal breaks, the underlying disorders, and location of breaks. results: fifty-two percents of patients were less than 50 ye...

A transition from an oil and coal based energy system to a systems based on renewable and sustainable energy sources has begun in many countries throughout the developed world. As a pioneer, Denmark currently has a wind energy penetration of 30% in the electricity sector and an end goal of 100% renewables in all energy sectors by 2050. The main elements in this transition are an increase in the...