many expressed definition on «orientalism», including the western concept is the ambiguity of the term with negative connotations, especially in relation to the colonization of europe, is verifiable. edward said's efforts for demystification of it, something of this complexity did not reduce, but anti-western discourse, became the focus of the review. emphasizing the contrast between the e...

International Relations (IR) as an academic discipline is relatively new and almost entirely dominated by Western sources of knowledge. Its biased nature undermines its capacity to understand, explain predict events in the non-Western part world. With increasing effort explore IR diversify knowledge discipline, Islam has emerged essential source interest, not necessarily a reflection East–West ...

Various scholars and media researchers have adopted the view, that due to the Cold War, war discourse has become the dominant discourse in Western media and popular culture. We live in a deeply militarized culture in which for instance many ordinary metaphors have their roots in war and popular culture is full of war material. Consuming war as a natural part of everyday entertainment, the "war ...

The past 15 years have witnessed the rise of post-development theory as a means of understanding the development discourse since the 1940s. Post-development argues that Intentional development (as distinct from Immanent development – what people are doing anyway), is a construct of Western hegemony. Sustainable development, they argue, is no different and indeed is perhaps worse given that most...

Waldorf s comments indicate a misunderstanding of both the intent and content of our paper. Three confusions are serious enough to demand clarification. First, we did not “downgrade” the scientific status of sociobiology nor did we admit creationism into the domain of science. Most researchers of the evolutionary biology of social behavior accept the social, methodological, and philosophical ru...

judgement about friedrich nietzsche as a criticizer of modern culture and a new establisher in culture and thought of the new world, is a very difficult task. but criticizing of morality, philosophy and culture during the last ages is an effort that nietzsche has done it and in this way he notified the effects of corruption on human will and life. nietzsche in his new establishing in reaction t...

this paper examines colorful modes of narrative discourse representation , especially stream of consciousness versus interior monologue from a narratological point of view and through some references to iranian and western literary works . the problem is that these two modes are employed as though they were the same , but the fact is that they are not . this has made it difficult to make clear ...