A new method for classifying soft-bottom zoobenthic assemblages along the Finnish coasts (northern Baltic Sea) is presented and tested against traditional physicochemical monitoring data in the complex Archipelago Sea. Although multivariate methods for assessing the state of the marine environment have become widely used, few numerical indices can operate over a wide salinity range. We compare ...

Interactions of energy policies with water technology development in China are investigated using a hybrid input-output model and scenario analysis. The implementation of energy policies and water technology development can produce co-benefits for each other. Water saving potential of energy technology development is much larger than that of new energy exploitation. From the viewpoint of propor...

The circulation and water mass structure of the North Atlantic are reviewed, with emphasis on the large-scale overturning cell which produces North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Properties and transports for its major components (Nordic Seas Overflow Water, Labrador Sea Water, Mediterranean Water, Antarctic Intermediate Water and Antarctic Bottom Water) are reviewed. The transport estimates and p...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mangroves of Western Gujarat (India) are subject to die-back. Salinity intolerance is one possible cause, especially in young plants. We therefore quantified the extent to which young plants of one widely occurring mangrove species (Ceriops tagal) tolerate high salt in terms of establishment, growth, water status, proline content and mineral accumulation. METHODOLOGY In a ...

due to limitation of conventional water resources, the use of unconventional water for agriculture is unavoidable. therefore, in order to investigate the effect of using different amounts of municipal wastewater on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of cotton in drip irrigation systems, a field experiment was carried out during 2010 and 2011 growing season at experimental farm of ...

Water salinity and drought are the major abiotic stresses limiting turf grass growth. On the other hand, shortage of waterresources and salinity of water and soil in the arid and semi-arid zones such as Iran, are the restricting factors in developinglawn turf grasses. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of water salinity and deficit irrigation ontall fescue (Festuca aru...

in order to investigate the effects of saline waters on some soil characteristics, this experiment was conducted with three irrigation water salinity treatments contains 1.7-3.4, 8-9 and 11-12.5 dsm-1 (low, medium and high salinity) and two irrigation water managements with four replications in a wheat-fallow-sugar beet-safflower rotation. results show that in (1) irrigation management with low...

Teleost fish experience passive osmotic water influx in fresh water (FW) and water outflux in salt water, which is normally compensated by water flow driven by active ion transport mechanisms. Euryhaline fish may also minimize osmotic energy demand by "behavioral osmoregulation", seeking a medium isotonic with their body fluids. Our goal was to evaluate the energy requirement for osmoregulation...

In their previous papers, the authors of this study have suggested and realized a method of simultaneous determination of temperature and salinity of seawater using laser Raman spectroscopy, with the help of neural networks. Later, the method has been improved for determination of temperature and salinity of natural water using Raman spectra, in presence of fluorescence of dissolved organic mat...