Stomatal responses to atmospheric change have been well documented through a range of laboratory- and field-based experiments. Increases in atmospheric concentration of CO(2) ([CO(2)]) have been shown to decrease stomatal conductance (g(s)) for a wide range of species under numerous conditions. Less well understood, however, is the extent to which leaf-level responses translate to changes in ec...

During the last thirty years there has been a large volume of work published on the osmotic behaviour of invertebrate animals (recently reviewed by Kinne, 1964 and Potts & Parry, 1964), of which much has concerned the Brachyura (see reviews by Robertson, i960 and Lockwood, 1962). Most of this attention has been directed towards what can be termed 'a purely physiological end-point', comparativel...

Studies of osmoregulation in marine and particularly fresh water elasmobranchs have been intermittently reported in the literature over the last 80 years. Although there has been significant research on elasmobranch osmoregulation, no study exists uniting the previous work into a single comprehensive report. This study examines previous research in elasmobranch osmoregulation and presents the r...

The public domain Integrated Hydrologic Model (IHM) combines the EPA surface water model HSPF and the USGS groundwater model MODFLOW with near simultaneous integration and fundamentally new interpretations of vadose zone process dynamics. The two model components are concurrently run, linked through an interface that provides a surfacewater to groundwater transition that maintains strict water ...

Many xeric organisms maintain water balance by relying on dietary and metabolic water rather than free water, even when free water may be available. For such organisms, hydric state may influence foraging decisions, since meal consumption is meeting both energy and water demands. To understand foraging decisions it is vital to understand the role of dietary water in maintaining water balance. W...

We previously demonstrated that mRen-2 transgenic [Tg(+)] rats are sensitive to chronic high NaCl intake, showing increased arterial pressure and vasopressin (VP) secretion. In this study, we determined the effect of a chronic osmotic challenge, 4 days of drinking 2% NaCl, on direct arterial blood pressure, heart rate, fluid-electrolyte balance, circadian rhythm of mean arterial pressure (MAP),...

The atmospheric water vapor flux divergence and certain aspects of the water balance of North America are investigated, using data from the period May 1, 1958-Apr. 30, 1963. The mean vertical distribution of flux divergence is computed for the United States for the months of January (1962, 1963) and July (1961, 1962). Strong flux convergence in the lowest kilometer and divergence in the remaind...

A GIS tool to evaluate hydrogeological water balance based on a mass-balance model applied to surface and subsurface systems is discussed. The tool is designed for managers responsible for groundwater resource planning during conditions of water shortage. In developing the tool, the natural groundwater recharge was evaluated through the application of a soil water balance equation, and defined ...