BACKGROUND Vaccine efficacy (VE) against vulvar human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has not been reported and data regarding its epidemiology are sparse. METHODS Women (n = 5404) age 22-29 present at the 4-year study visit of the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial provided vulvar and cervical samples. A subset (n = 1044) was tested for HPV DNA (SPF10/LiPA25 version 1). VE against 1-time detection of v...

OBJECTIVE This observational study was to identify risk factors for vulvar cancer recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the study 107 patients with primary vulvar cancer were analyzed. Surgical treatment consisted of radical excision of the primary tumor in combination with unilateral or bilateral superficial and deep inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy through separate incisions. Patients with dee...

OBJECTIVE Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary cause for cervical cancer, and it has been associated with vulvar and vaginal cancer and vulvar (VIN) and vaginal (VaIN) and anal (AIN) intraepithelial neoplasia. We assessed the prevalence of HPV (and the types) to estimate the possible effect of a HPV vaccine on lower genital tract disease prevention. METHODS Two hundred fifty-eight sample...

Endometriosis is a commonly encountered benign gynecological disease, involving extrauterine growth of both endometrial glands and elements of endometrial stroma. The vulva is not exempt from endometriotic disease. However rare, endometriosis may occur in the Bartholin gland, in episiotomy scars, postoperative perineal incision sites and vulvar lacerations. Risk factors for vulvar endometriosis...

Cancer of the vulva accounts for at least 1% of malignant neoplasms among women. Although rare, vulvar melanoma is the second most common histological type of vulvar cancer, representing 7-10% of all malignant vulvar neoplasms. Initial symptoms are non-specific and complete excision of the lesion is indicated in cases with suspected diagnosis. Prognosis of patients with these neoplasms is poor ...

Lymphangioma circumscriptum of the vulva occurs in patients who have undergone radical hysterectomy, lymph node dissection, or radiation therapy for management of advanced uterine cancer. Since vulvar lymphangioma circumscriptum typically presents as multiple, grossly verrucous vesicles of various sizes, it may be impossible to clinically distinguish vulvar lymphangioma circumscriptum from othe...

BACKGROUND vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a non-invasive precursor lesion found in 50-70% of patients affected by vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. In the past, radical surgery was the standard treatment for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, however, considering the psychological and physical morbidities related to extensive surgery, several less aggressive treatment modalities have been pro...

Vulvar Morbus Paget (MP) represents a rare intraepithelial adenocarcinoma. It accounts for less than 1% of all vulvar neoplasia and usually appears in postmenopausal women. Histologically it is analogous to Paget's disease of the breast. The most common clinical symptom is pruritus. The lesion appears as an erythematous or as an eczematous lesion with islands of hyperkeratosis. Occasionally, si...

Malignant melanomas of the vulva are rare tumours which constitute only 5-10% of all vulvar cancers but are the second commonest vulvar malignancy after squamous carcinomas. Almost all vulvar naevi are of the junctional type from which melanomas are believed to arise and this may explain why in women, 3-5% of melanomas occur in the vulva though it occupies only 1-2% of the body surface area. Vu...

Syringomas are common intraepidermal sweat gland tumors most often found in women around the time of adolescence. Frequent sites of involvement include the lower eyelids and malar areas, however vulvar involvement is relatively rare. These lesions often present as small, multiple, skin-colored-to-yellowish papules and are often associated with increased vulvar discomfort and itching. We present...