the interpretation of legal texts such as statutes and constitutions has presented problems from the earliest times to the present day. plato urged that laws be interpreted according to their spirit rather than literally. Voltaire expressed the view that to interpret the law is to corrupt it. montesquieu viewed the judge as simply the mechanical spokesman of the law. the role of the Judge has b...

Voltaire (1694-1778), the French philosopher said: “There are many ways to waste own time: Doing nothing, doing the wrong thing, doing the good thing at the wrong time” (own translation). The situation is quite different if the time is robbed by someone else or even by a professional mistake. There is a clear evidence that researchers on metallic iron (Fe0 termed as zero-valent iron) for water ...

A big family has cultivated fruitful soil; two little families nearby have thankless and rebellious fields. The two poor families have to serve the opulent family, or slaughter it; there is no difficulty in that. But one of the two indigent families offers its arms to the rich family in exchange for bread, while the other attacks and is defeated. The subservient family is the origin of the serv...


 Este artigo apresenta a noção nietzschiana de “espírito livre” no período intermediário sua obra. Ele se concentra na relação dessa com figura Voltaire que serviu influência àquela, ao mesmo tempo, como modelo (i) geral, liberdade pensamento, (ii) estrito, pelo conteúdo emancipatório combate à metafísica e (iii) pela forma libertadora escritor irônico mordaz.