A portable modular gas sensor for measuring the 13 C/ 12 C isotopic ratio in CO 2 with a precision of 0.8%o(±1σ) was developed for volcanic gas emission studies. This sensor employed a difference frequency generation (DFG)-based spectroscopic source operating at 4.35 µm (∼ 2300 cm −1) in combination with a dual-chamber gas absorption cell. Direct absorption spectroscopy using this specially des...

The eastern boundary of the Southern Cascades (Hat Creek Graben region), California, USA, is an extensively faulted volcanic corridor between the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau. The morphology of the region is a result of plate motions associated with different tectonic provinces, faulting, and recurring volcanic activity, making it an ideal place to study the interrelationship between tectoni...

Abstract. Strategies of risk mitigation become effective when citizens facing hazardous phenomena adopt rational behaviours that contribute to the lowering risk. This is more likely occur endangered communities share a widespread understanding natural and their impacts. To reach this goal, educational outreach materials are often organised around descriptions process its effects. Unfortunately,...

Abstract The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was a period of geologically-rapid carbon release and global warming ~56 million years ago. Although modelling, outcrop proxy records suggest volcanic occurred, it has not yet been possible to identify the PETM trigger, or if multiple reservoirs were involved. Here we report elevated levels mercury relative organic carbon—a for volcanism—dire...

A calibrated radiocarbon database of late Quaternary volcanic eruptions R. U. Bryson, R. A. Bryson, and A. Ruter National Park Service, Mojave National Preserve, 2701 Barstow Road, Barstow, CA 92311, USA Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1225 W. Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706, USA Received: 24 May 2006 – Accepted: 17 July 2006 – Published: 25 July 2006 Correspondence...

In this paper, we present a physics motivated modeling method for volcanic clouds as a two fluids model. Some previous methods model smoke or clouds as one fluid, but the volcanic clouds can not be treated as one fluid. The volcanic clouds consist of the pyroclasts, the volcanic gas and the entrained air. Since the pyroclasts and the volcanic gas can be treated as one fluid, called magma, the v...