The photoinactivation of actively and nonactively growing herpes simplex virus by neutral red and proflavine was studied in rabbit kidney cells. Active virus growth was inhibited by both dyes under conditions which did not destroy the cells. Neutral red caused a much greater inhibition than proflavine. Neutral red also caused a reduction in the reactivation rate of latent virus when the infecte...

Marek's disease virus (MDV), an alphaherpesvirus of poultry, causes Marek's disease and is characterized by visceral CD4+TCRαβ+ T-cell lymphomas in susceptible hosts. Immortal cell lines harbouring the viral genome have been generated from ex vivo cultures of MD tumours. As readily available sources of large numbers of cells, MDV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) are extremely valuab...

The latency-associated transcript (LAT) gene the only herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gene abundantly transcribed during neuronal latency, is essential for efficient in vivo reactivation. Whether LAT increases reactivation by a direct effect on the reactivation process or whether it does so by increasing the establishment of latency, thereby making more latently infected neurons available f...

Advances in the treatment of malignant and inflammatory diseases have developed over time, with increasing use of chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agents of a range of drug classes with varying mechanism and potency in their effects on the immune system. These advances have been met with the challenge of increased risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in susceptible individuals. Th...

After hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, HBV DNA persists in minute amounts in hepatocyte nuclei even in individuals with "resolved" infection. Viral replication and development of liver disease depend on the balance between viral mechanisms promoting persistence and host immune control. Patients with active or inactive disease or resolved HBV infection are at risk for reactivation with immunos...

A marked reactivation of tobacco mosaic virus protein that has been partially or completely inactivated by formaldehyde was obtained by dialysis at pH 3. The activity of partially inactivated virus proteins was generally increased about 10-fold by the reactivation process. It was also found possible to reactivate completely inactive preparations to an appreciable extent. It was shown that the i...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) presented with pulmonary symptoms and various extra manifestations including dermatological like urticarial, acralvascular lesion erythematous maculopapular rash, vesicular rash. Herpes zoster is a painful rash resulting from reactivation of varicella-zoster (VZ) virus that also causative agent chickenpox. The incidence HZ infection (HZ...

Studies of the pathogenesis and molecular biology of JC virus infection over the last two decades have significantly changed our understanding of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, which can be described as a subacute viral infection of neuroglial cells that probably follows reactivation of latent infection rather than being the consequence of prolonged JC virus replication in the brai...

Lithium carbonate inhibited plaque formation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in rabbit kidney and Vero cells (50% effective dose, 435.5 to 490 micrograms/ml). Plasma lithium levels of 67 to 134 micrograms/ml were achieved by oral therapy in rabbits. However, neither ocular virus shedding nor virus-positive trigeminal ganglia were reduced after intentional reactivation of latent herpes sim...

Twenty-three BK virus and JC virus DNA samples obtained from urine of pregnant women had almost exclusively archetypal transcriptional control regions. Rearrangements characteristic of laboratory strains are apparently not required for reactivation in humans. Unexpectedly, alignment shows that many elements identified previously in the BK virus enhancer are conserved in the JC virus archetype.