Virus-specific cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8+) cytotoxic T cells (CTL) recognize viral antigens presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chains on infected hepatocytes, with help from CD4+ T cells. However, this CTL response is frequently weak or undetectable in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Programmed cell death 1 (P...

conclusions a significant direct correlation was observed between the viral dna copies present in patients’ cerumen and serum. however, the correlation between saliva viral load with serum and cerumen viral load was very low and inverse. these findings suggest that the presence of the hepatitis b virus (hbv) in non-invasive specimens (such as cerumen and saliva) should also be evaluated when mo...

7 Viral hepatitis continues to be a major public health problem in India. Since the first officially reported epidemic of viral hepatitis in 1955 at Delhi, many outbreaks of hepatitis have occurred in different parts of the country. In India, hepatitis A virus (HAV) is still a major cause of sporadic acute hepatitis in children whereas HEV is the major agent for epidemics in adults. Most of the...

Acute hepatitis is seen sporadically round the year in Bangladesh. The incidence of acute viral hepatitis E increases after floods as this allows sewerage contamination of piped and groundwater. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the burden of hepatitis E virus (HEV infection) in Bangladesh. Patients attending the Hepatology Unit III of the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical Univer...

Resulting directly from the discovery of virus-related antigens, rapid progress has marked the last decade of viral hepatitis research. The hepatitis B virion has been tentatively identified as a DNA virus with an endogenous DNA polymerase, and new serological markers for type B hepatitis have been discovered. Hepatitis A antigen has been identified on a virus-like particle thought to be the he...

BACKGROUND Liver-related mortality has been increasing worldwide. We aimed to estimate the age-standardized mortality rates from viral hepatitis in Brazil. METHODS The Brazilian National Death Registry was analyzed from 2008 to 2014. Viral hepatitis deaths were defined by the following ICD-10 codes in the death certificate: hepatitis A [B15.0; B15.9]; hepatitis B [B16.2; B16.9; B18.1]; hepati...

BACKGROUND Although liver disease commonly causes morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, data are limited on its prevalence in HIV monoinfection. We used the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) as a surrogate marker of hepatic fibrosis to characterize liver disease in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. METHODS Men were cate...