The mammalian humeral retractors latissimus dorsi, teres major and caudal parts of the pectoral muscles are commonly thought to contribute to forward impulse during quadrupedal locomotion by pulling the body over the supporting forelimb. While most electromyographic studies on recruitment patterns for these muscles tend to support this functional interpretation, data on muscle use in chimpanzee...

Reforestation is a concerted effort to discover forest formation, biodiversity, and ecosystem practices through tree planting. There drive by international organizations reclaim about 150 million ha of degraded forests 2030. The Rumuruti Forest located in the Laikipia County Kenya. It unique biodiverse renowned for its high density large mammals, including elephants, lions, leopards, rhinoceros...

Current physiological studies emphasize the role of neuronal oscillations and synchronization in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease; however, little is known about their specific roles in the neuronal substrate of dopamine replacement therapy (DRT). We investigated oscillatory activity and correlations throughout the different states of levodopa-naive parkinsonism as well as "Off-On" an...

This article describes a new class of information-processing models for social agents. They are derived from primate brain architecture, the processing in brain regions, the interactions among brain regions, and the social behavior of primates. 1. Primate brain and behavior In another paper (Bond, 1996), we have reviewed the neuroanatomical connections and functional involvements of cortical re...

The ullrastructurc of the surface of epithelial cells has been described by several workers [Wolf 1967, 1968; Bliimckc and Morgcnroth 1967; Whittaker and Adams 1971], All of these showed some form of fine folding on the surface of the cells studied. So constant a finding are these line surface folds that Marowitze/ at. [1970] concluded that their presence is a sign of good tissue processing. Co...

Blood from a domestic dog infected with Ehrlichia canis was injected into 3 adult vervet monkeys Cercopithecus pygerythrus. The monkeys did not develop any clinical or haematological signs of disease, nor did they seem to be able to harbour the parasite. Furthermore, neither morulae of E. canis nor haematological evidence of ehrlichiosis were seen after these monkeys had been splenectomized. Th...

1. The physiology of the internal anal sphincter of the vervet monkey was investigated. 2. Strips of sphincter in vitro contracted to noradrenaline and adrenaline; adrenoceptors were mainly alpha-excitatory. Strips of rectal circular muscle relaxed to noradrenaline and contained both inhibitory alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. 3. All strips contracted to acetylcholine. After hyoscine or atropine,...