[1] Chang and Li [2002] proposed a new cloud microphysics retrieval technique that can estimate the vertical profile of droplet effective radius (DER) for water clouds using multispectral near-infrared (NIR) measurements. The underlying principle of the retrieval technique is that radiance measurements at distinct multi-NIR wavelengths possess different penetration depths inside the cloud and t...

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is known to be crucial for the development of peripheral vestibular neurons. However, the maturation profile of the BDNF signal transducing receptor, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) in functionally activated otolith-related vestibular nuclear neurons of postnatal rats remains unexplored. In the present study, conscious Sprague-Dawley rats (P4 to adult) were sub...

In this paper, a new version of multi-objective differential evolution with dynamically adaptable mutation factor is used for Pareto optimization of a 5-degree of freedom vehicle vibration model excited by non-stationary random road profile. In this way, non-dominated sorting algorithm and crowding distance criterion have been combined to differential evolution with fuzzified mutation in order ...

The macaque anterior intraparietal area (AIP) is crucial for visually guided grasping. AIP neurons respond during the visual presentation of real-world objects and encode the depth profile of disparity-defined curved surfaces. We investigated the neural representation of curved surfaces in AIP using a stimulus-reduction approach. The stimuli consisted of three-dimensional (3-D) shapes curved al...

A model to evaluate photon transport within leaves and the implications for photosynthesis are investigated. A ray tracing model, Raytran, was used to produce absorption profiles within a virtual dorsiventral plant leaf oriented in two positions (horizontal/vertical) and illuminated on one of its two faces (adaxial/abaxial). Together with chlorophyll profiles, these absorption profiles feed a s...

The authors investigate the effects of cloud–radiation interaction and vertical wind shear on convective ensembles interacting with large-scale dynamics in cloud-resolving model simulations, with the large-scale circulation parameterized using the weak temperature gradient approximation. Numerical experiments with interactive radiation are conducted with imposed surface heat fluxes constant in ...

In a two-microphone approach, interchannel differences in time (ICTD) and interchannel differences in sound level (ICLD) have generally been used for sound source localization. But those cues are not effective for vertical localization in the median plane (direct front). For that purpose, spectral cues based on features of head-related transfer functions (HRTF) have been investigated, but they ...

Atlantic tropical cyclone activity has trended upward in recent decades. The increase coincides with favorable changes in local sea surface temperature and other environmental indices, principally associated with vertical shear and the thermodynamic profile. The relative importance of these environmental factors has not been firmly established. A recent study using a high-resolution dynamical d...

Reservoir models with many grid blocks suffer from long run time; it is hence important to deliberate a method to remedy this drawback. Usual upscaling methods are proved to fail to reproduce fine grid model behaviors in coarse grid models in well proximity. This is attributed to rapid pressure changes in the near-well region. Standard permeability upscaling methods are limited to systems with ...

reservoir models with many grid blocks suffer from long run time; it is hence important to deliberatea method to remedy this drawback. usual upscaling methods are proved to fail to reproduce fine gridmodel behaviors in coarse grid models in well proximity. this is attributed to rapid pressure changesin the near-well region. standard permeability upscaling methods are limited to systems with lin...