while in the historic urban fabric of iran's cities, there are numerous traditional buildings that have stood up for more than one hundred years, today's buildings, in spite of advanced construction technologies, are not comparable with those traditional ones in terms of resiliency and durability. the sustainable vernacular strategies in design and construction of these traditional ho...

Ghumah Baghi is the vernacular architecture of Basemah highland, South Sumatra, Indonesia with distinctive wooden joints. Wood joint categories are divided based on geometry and arrangement, form, position, direction, move or no move, assembly, flush not flush, additional reinforcement, component change, resistance to loads. The problem this study was: what types wood joints were used in constr...

BACKGROUND Known worldwide as the "traveler's tree", the Malagasy endemic species Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. (Strelitziaceae) is considered as an iconic symbol of Madagascar. It is a widespread species in the eastern part of the country with four different varieties which are well represented in Ambalabe community. All of them are used for different purposes and the species represents an i...

Two experiments examined the commonly held belief that regional varieties of German can be identified by intonational features alone. In both experiments, listeners were presented with regional intonational contours of German. In the first experiment, listeners judged contours of Hamburg urban vernacular compared with contours of Northern Standard German. In the second experiment, listeners jud...

Vernacular houses constructed using local woods contain information about forest-resource use. To clarify how timber was used to construct wooden farmhouses, we identified the species composition of 11 built between 1845 and 1940 in Tadami, a snowy rural area northeastern Japan, interviewed 70 residents. We recorded 2004 parts (99–308 per house) 171.2 m3 (1828 parts) known (14 taxa). Cryptomeri...

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In its most basic form, latent growth modeling (latent curve analysis) allows an assessment of individuals’change in a measured variable X over time. For simple linear models, as with other growth models, parameter estimates associated with the α construct (amount of X at a chosen temporal reference point) and β construct (growth in X per unit time) are not invariant with respect to choice of r...