The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of progesterone in the development of primary varicose veins on lower limbs during pregnancy. In 50 primiparae with varicose veins, serum progesterone level was quantitatively determined in the 14th week of pregnancy and results were compared with those obtained in a control group of 25 primiparae without visible varicose veins. The mean...

If veins were rigid tubes, then a change in mean right auricular pressure would cause a corresponding change in the peripheral venous pressure, provided the velocity of blood flowing along the veins remained constant. However, veins are not rigid, but collapsible, and it has been shown by Lyon, Kennedy and Burwell (1938), and by Holt (1940), that peripheral venous pressure, referred to the leve...

If veins were rigid tubes, then a change in mean right auricular pressure would cause a corresponding change in the peripheral venous pressure, provided the velocity of blood flowing along the veins remained constant. However, veins are not rigid, but collapsible, and it has been shown by Lyon, Kennedy and Burwell (1938), and by Holt (1940), that peripheral venous pressure, referred to the leve...

Saphenous Veins are described in Anatomy textbooks as superficial veins running in the amorphous fatty layer of the lower limbs. Recent papers have demonstrated the complex fascial relationship of Saphenous Veins with the connective framework of the lower limb hypodermis. The aim of the present paper was to systematically review the anatomy of lower limb superficial veins, based upon echographi...

The veins of the brain have no muscular tissue in their thin walls and possess no valves. They emerge from the brain and lie in the subarachnoid space. They pierce the arachnoid mater and the meningeal layer of the dura and drain into the cranial venous sinuses. The cerebral venous system can be divided into a superficial and a deep system. The superficial system comprises sagittal sinuses and ...

The jugular venous system constitutes the primary venous drainage of the head and neck. It includes a profundus or subfascial venous system, formed by the two internal jugular veins, and a superficial or subcutaneous one, formed by the two anterior and two external jugular veins. We report one case of unilateral anatomical variations of the external and anterior jugular veins. Particularly, on ...

Knowledge of anatomic variants of veins in the arm and axilla play a key role in planning of successful venous access. Possible anatomic variants of axillary vein, brachial vein and basilic vein and their clinical implications have been well described in the literature. We report a rare case of formation of a short axillary vein associated with complex venous communications between the basilic ...

PURPOSE We present a systematic study of the anatomical relationship between the intrarenal veins and the kidney collecting system in pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The intrarenal anatomy (collecting system and veins) was studied in 61, 3-dimensional endocasts of the kidney collecting system together with the intrarenal veins. RESULTS There are free anastomoses between the intrarenal veins. Th...

Pulmonary veins show greater sensitivity to endothelin (ET)-1-induced vasoconstriction than pulmonary arteries, and remodeling was observed in pulmonary veins under hypoxic conditions. We examined, using an immunohistochemical method, the expression of Big ET-1, ET-converting enzyme (ECE), and ET(A) and ET(B) receptors in rat pulmonary veins under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In control rat...

The leaf growth and cross-sectional area of durum wheat during its development may be reduced under salt stress due to vascular architecture alterations of leaves. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to compare growth rate and vascular architecture changes of two durum wheat cultivars including Shabrang and Yavaroos under 0 and 100 mM NaCl. Plants were sampled at the three-leaf stage growth. ...