OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of the crown-rump length and body mass index on sonographic evaluation of the fetal heart using abdominal and vaginal routes in the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study with 57 pregnant women between 12-14 weeks (CRL< 84 mm). We evaluated the following fetal cardiac plans using the abdominal and vaginal routes: four-cha...

The microbiota of the lower female genital tract was evaluated from vaginal swabs obtained from 623 healthy pregnant women at gestation periods of 35-40 weeks. Isolated and identified microorganisms were expressed as percentages of total samples. As expected, lactobacilli made up the dominant vaginal microbiota (70%). Enterobacteriaceae, mainly Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Proteus, wer...

OBJECTIVE To determine the maternal morbidity and mortality associated with delivery after intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) and to find out the place of fetal destructive procedures and cesarean section. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Labour Room, Nishtar Hospital, Multan from January to December 2003. PATIENTS AND METHODS All women were included in the present s...

Mice with disrupted beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m-/-), I-A (class II-/-), or CD4 (CD4-/-) genes were examined for their capacity to resolve Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection. C57BL/6 and beta 2m-/- mice resolved infection similarly and were culture negative by 4 to 5 weeks following infection. Conversely, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-/- mice failed to resolve infe...

To cite: Ramphul M, Perry L, Bhatia C. BMJ Case Rep Published online: [please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/bcr-2016215434 DESCRIPTION A 34+4 weeks neonate was born by spontaneous vaginal delivery with normal antenatal scans. Routine neonatal examination revealed the absence of a vaginal opening with bulging of vaginal introitus (figure 1). Urethral and anal openings were patent. A provis...

Bacterial vaginosis is the common vaginal infection among women of reproductive age, with incidence varying from 15-65 Many serious obstetric and gynaecological complications have also been associated with bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis is found to be a critical risk factor found associated with recurrent even mortality: as such management of women with recurrent urinary tract infecti...

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) involving lower female genital tract is a rare event. Described presenting clinical symptoms in a literature in these patients are vaginal discharge and bleeding. Here with the report, a case of primary cervico-vaginal lymphoma in an old lady presenting with utero-vaginal (UV) prolapse. On clinical examination, there was second degree UV prolapse. Pelvic ultrasound ...

BACKGROUND Vaginal stones may form in the setting of mesh exposure with urinary incontinence. This report serves to help understand the presentation, evaluation, and management of vaginal urinary stones. CASE A 68-year-old female presented with a vaginal calculus. She had a history of anterior and posterior polypropylene mesh placement for prolapse 7 years earlier and urinary incontinence. Th...

BACKGROUND Traditional practice after vaginal hysterectomy was to keep the vaginal pack and urinary catheter for 24 hours post operatively. But there were studies that prolonged cathterisation was associated with urinary infection. So this study was conducted to compare the post operative outcome when the urinary catheter and vaginal pack were removed after 3 hours and after 24 hours after surg...

Oral contraceptive pills have several side effects especially on the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Absorption of low dose (LD) pills by the vaginal route avoids the first pass of the steroids through these tracts and probably has fewer side effects. This study was a cohort study for evaluation of side effects and acceptability of LD pills administered by the vaginal route. In a clinical...