BACKGROUND Oral and vaginal preparations of tenofovir as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have demonstrated variable efficacy in men and women prompting assessment of variation in drug concentration as an explanation. Knowledge of tenofovir concentration and its active form, tenofovir diphosphate, at the putative vaginal and rectal site of action ...

background: vaginal bleeding is a common complication during pregnancy, which is observed in about 1/4 of pregnancies and in half of cases can lead to abortion. if vaginal bleeding happens during pregnancy some adverse pregnancy outcomes, including perinatal mortality and morbidity, low birth weight and preterm delivery will be increased. objective:  the aim of this study was to determine the r...

OBJECTIVES To determine whether patients can understand and use the vaginal pH device in the diagnosis of vaginitis. To compare whether vaginal pH readings determined by patients and healthcare providers are similar. To determine whether vaginal pH can reduce inappropriate over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal medication use and improve the correct diagnosis of vaginitis. METHODS One hundred and ...

One of the most serious complications that can arise from hysterectomy is vaginal cuff dehiscence with subsequent bowel evisceration. Treatment via vaginal approach has been utilized in early cases of vaginal cuff dehiscence where the need for bowel resection is less likely. Our case examines the treatment of vaginal cuff dehiscence through a vaginal approach approximately 36 hours after appare...

OBJECTIVE To create an evidence-based position statement published by The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) on the role of local vaginal estrogen therapy (ET) for the treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. DESIGN NAMS followed the general principles established for evidence-based guidelines to create this document. A panel of clinicians and researchers acknowledged to be ...

Up to half of all postmenopausal women will experience changes in the genitourinary tract induced by the hypoestrogenic state, collectively known as vaginal atrophy. Vaginally administered local estrogen therapy (LET) is the standard of care for symptoms of vaginal atrophy that do not respond to nonhormonal interventions. Several LET formulations are available, and choice of therapy is based la...

BACKGROUND Clinicians and investigators often do not appreciate the importance of vaginal microbiocoenosis and vaginal cytology in the health of prepubertal and adolescent girls. DATA SOURCES Based on recent publications in human medicine and our own experience with vaginal cytology and microbiology in children and adolescent girls, we review the principles of vaginal microbiocoenosis and cyt...

To determine the effect of Zataria multiflora vaginal cream in signs & symptoms of Candida vaginits. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was performed comparing one applicator of Zataria multiflora vaginal cream with one applicator of Clotrimazole vaginal cream at night for a week. 61 women with candida vaginitis were enrolled. 30 of 62 women treated with Zataria multiflora vaginal cream ...

Vaginal varix during pregnancy is a rare condition. Only a few cases have been reported in the literature. Most vaginal varices are asymptomatic, but some are associated with a sense of local mass, or severe discomfort and spontaneous vaginal bleeding. A 32-year-old woman was admitted for acute spontaneous vaginal bleeding at 37+6 weeks’ gestation. Upon pelvic inspection, we observed dilated va...

1. A study has been made by means of agglutination and absorption of agglutinin tests, of the antigenic relationships of 54 strains of hemolytic streptococci associated with an epidemic of puerperal fever in a large city obstetric hospital. 2. These organisms were cultured from the blood, vaginae, peritoneal cavities and metastatic foci of patients, from the noses and throats of patients and st...