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In the treatment of superficial lesions with 8-13 MeV electrons, lead shields are often used to protect the underlying tissue. Measurements were made with film and ion chamber to analyse various aspects of external and internal shielding in electron beam therapy. Data were obtained on the thickness of lead required for shielding, the effect of blocking on dose-rate, electron-backscattering from...

BACKGROUND Paediatric cancer care poses ethically difficult situations that can lead to value conflicts about what is best for the child, possibly resulting in moral distress. Research on moral distress is lacking in paediatric cancer care in Sweden and most questionnaires are developed in English. The Moral Distress Scale-Revised (MDS-R) is a questionnaire that measures moral distress in speci...

Urethroplasty is the preferred surgical approach for the management of urethral stricture disease. To date, no standard has been established to evaluate stricture recurrence after urethral reconstruction, though both invasive and non-invasive methods are used widely. In this article we review the role of noninvasive testing and questionnaires in urethral monitoring after urethroplasty.

We present a graduate science ethics course that connects cases from the historical record to present realities and practices in the areas of social responsibility, authorship, and human/animal experimentation. This content is delivered with mixed methods, including films, debates, blogging, and practicum; even the instructional team is mixed, including a historian of science and a research sci...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to design a physical activity questionnaire reflecting on the basic principles and recommendations of exercise and to examine its reliability. [Subjects and Methods] 342 males and 374 females from the community centers (senior center, residential culture center, sport center, and YWCA center) participated in this study. [Results] The test-retest reliabili...

OBJECTIVE The validity of health status questionnaires in patients attending medical rehabilitation services has been questioned. The objectives of this study were to identify problems that patients have in completing different health status questionnaires, and thus identify possible major pitfalls in interpretation of the scores. METHODS The study comprised a consecutive sample of 105 patien...