BACKGROUND Housekeeping genes have been commonly used as reference to normalize gene expression and protein content data because of its presumed constitutive expression. In this paper, we challenge the consensual idea that housekeeping genes are reliable controls for expression studies in the retina through the investigation of a panel of reference genes potentially suitable for analysis of dif...

BACKGROUND The incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia is increasing in patients diagnosed with hematologic malignancies. The utility of CMV-DNA viral load measurement has not been standardized, and viral cut-off values have not been established. This study was designed to investigate the utility of CMV quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using bronchial washing fluid. METHODS We retros...

For design flood estimation in ungauged catchments, Regional Flood Frequency Analysis (RFFA) is commonly used. Most of the RFFA methods are primarily based on linear modelling approaches, which do not account for inherent nonlinearity rainfall-runoff processes. Using data from 114 catchments Victoria, Australia, this study employs Generalised Additive Model (GAM) and compares results with metho...

BACKGROUND Routine histologic analysis of lymph nodes (LN) for detecting disseminated bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) lacks sensitivity. OBJECTIVE To identify and test potential mRNA markers of BUC dissemination in LN that has been missed by histological analysis, and to compare the performance of selected markers with patients' clinical outcome. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Microar...

Sugarcane mosaic disease is caused by the Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV; genus Poacevirus, family Potyviridae) which is common in some Asian countries. Here, we established a protocol of a one-step real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (real-time qRT-PCR) using the TaqMan probe for the detection of SCSMV in sugarcane. Primers and probes were designed within the conserved regio...

glaucoma remains one of the major causes of blindness in today's world. the progressive field of stem cell proposes an exciting potential for discovering novel therapies. here, we report the development of an easy and high throughput method for differentiation of retinal ganglion cells (rgc) and bipolar cells from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hadscs) using pax6 (+5a) gen...

Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a valuable tool for measuring gene expression in cells and tissues. Unique challenges are encountered when studies are performed on cells microdissected from small specific areas of frozen animal or human tissue. This chapter describes the analysis of gene expression of chemokines and cytokines that are important for the ...