conclusions analysis of codeine to morphine metabolism rate is needed when we are using morphine/codeine ratio to rule out abuse of narcotics. wada should consider analysis for the cyp2d6 alleles (main metabolizer of codeine) in case of including morphine/codeine ratio in future prohibited list. the possibility of ultra-rapid cyp2d6 cannot be ruled out in certain results of morphine/codeine nea...

 Abstract  Background: Despite the long-standing association of macrophage migration inhibitory  factor (MIF) with delayed-type hypersensitivity response, the potential role  of MIF in chronic allograft nephropathy is unknown. The association between upregulation of MIF expression, macrophage and T cell infiltration and the severity of  chronic allograft nephropathy suggests that MIF may be an ...

INTRODUCTION International guidelines have endorsed spot urine protein-to-creatinine ratio of >30 mg protein/mmol creatinine as an alternative to a 24-hour urine sample to represent significant proteinuria. This study aimed to determine the accuracy of spot urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in predicting significant proteinuria and adverse pregnancy outcome. METHODS This case series was condu...

There is increasing concern about the cardiovascular effects of mercury (Hg) exposure, and that organic methylmercury and inorganic Hg(2+) may affect the cardiovascular system and blood pressure differentially. In small-scale gold mining communities where inorganic, elemental Hg exposures are high, little is known about the effects of Hg on blood pressure. In 2011, we assessed the relationship ...

Mercury or mercury (Hg) is a type of metal as an organic and inorganic compound that can be found in nature spread rocks, ores, soil, water air. the body detected biological materials such urine, blood, breast milk hair. This study aims to analyze content toxicity samples hair, urine with various analytical methods including CV-AAS, AAS, CV-AFS, ICP-MS, FI-CV-AAS, Analyzers. Data collection was...

Mercury exposures to smelting workers of artisanal mercury mines in Wuchuan, Guizhou, China were evaluated by urine and hair mercury survey. The mean urinary mercury (U-Hg), hair total mercury (T-Hg), and hair methyl mercury (Me-Hg) for smelting workers was 1060 microg/g creatinine (microg/g Cr), 69.3 and 2.32 microg/g, respectively. The results were significantly higher than that of control gr...

In order to assess the relationship in the spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat between the development of hypertension and the increased secretion of vasopressin which we have shown in this model, SH rats were treated with the orally effective converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 14,225 (15 to 30 mg/kg-day in the drinking water), from ages 33 to 61 days. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the treated ...

Pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting (PINV) is a common problem at the early stages of pregnancy. Approximately, 50%–80% of pregnant women who are in their first trimester are affected, resulting in loss of work time and negative effects on social and family relationships (1). Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) affects approximately 2.5% of pregnant woman and is characterized by persistent vomiting, ...