Researchers interested in counterfactual thinking have often found that upward counterfactual thoughts lead to increased motivation to improve in the future, although at the cost of increased negative affect. The present studies suggest that because upward counterfactual thoughts indicate reasons for a poor performance, they can also serve as excuses. In this case, upward counterfactual thought...

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers were prepared by a needleless electrospinning method using three rotating fiber generators, cylinder, disc and coil. The effects of the spinneret shape on the electrospinning process and resultant fiber morphology were examined. The disc spinneret needed the lowest voltage to initiate fiber formation, followed by the coil and cylinder. Compared to cylinder, th...

The paper proposes a key constraint language for XML and investigates its associated decision problems. The language is deened in terms of regular path expressions extended with downward and upward wildcards, which can not only move down XML document trees, but also upwards as well. In a uniform syntax it is capable of expressing both absolute keys and relative keys, which are important for hie...

We consider planar upward drawings of directed graphs on arbitrary surfaces where the upward direction is defined by a vector field. This generalizes earlier approaches using surfaces with a fixed embedding in R and introduces new classes of planar upward drawable graphs, where some of them even allow cycles. Our approach leads to a classification of planar upward embeddability. In particular, ...

hat is upward management? Management is getting things done W through people, and upward management can be defined as getting things done through those who supervise us. This concept has been used effectively by the Japanese. Contrasting management in Japan with that in the United States, a Japanese economist said, Our system is rather like an electric train with each car having its own motor, ...

It is shown that almost every language in ESPACE is very hard to approximate with circuits It follows that P BPP implies that E is a measure subset of ESPACE