Counterfactual thoughts, mental simulations about how a situation may have turned out differently (i.e., “if only …, then …”), can reduce health after stressful life-events. However, specific counterfactual thought types relate to post-loss problems is unclear. We hypothesized that self-referenced upward counterfactuals “If I had done the current would be better”) serve as cognitive avoidance, ...

Direction discrimination (upward/downward or left/right) for a Gabor patch in a two-frame motion display was measured as a function of the inter-frame displacement size of the component grating with the stimulus position (center, left, right, upper and lower visual fields) as a parameter. The results showed that, for vertical motion in the center, left, right and lower visual fields, the observ...

A method for determining the ocean-bottom optical albedo R(b) from in-water upward and downward irradiance measurements at a shallow site is presented, tested, and compared with a more familiar approach that requires additional measurements at a nearby deep-water site. Also presented are two new algorithms for estimating R(b) from measurements of the downward irradiance and vertically upward ra...

We present the first polynomial-time algorithm for computing the minimal covering set of a (weak) tournament. The algorithm is based on a linear programming formulation of a subset of the minimal covering set known as the essential set. On the other hand, we show that no efficient algorithm exists for two variants of the minimal covering set, the minimal upward covering set and the minimal down...

The behavior of agricultural commodity markets can arguably result in markedly asymmetric price cycles, that is, downward cycles of substantially different length and breadth than upward cycles. This study assesses whether asymmetric-cycle models can enhance the understanding of the dynamics and provide for a better forecasting of U.S. soybeans and Brazilian coffee prices. The forecasts from as...

Finite-thickness slabs of hyperbolic media with tilted optical axes exhibit asymmetry properties for waves propagating upward and downward with respect to slab interfaces. Under certain conditions, asymmetric hyperbolic media acquire extreme permittivity parameters and the difference between upward and downward propagating waves becomes very large. Furthermore, both waves can be perfectly match...

In this paper, we consider a perturbed compound Poisson risk model with two-sided jumps. The downward jumps represent the claims following an arbitrary distribution, while the upward jumps are also allowed to represent the random gains. Assuming that the density function of the upward jumps has a rational Laplace transform, the Laplace transforms and defective renewal equations for the discount...

A certain level of strychninization induces in Asterina reversal of geotropism from the normally geonegative movement to a persistent downward creeping. The effect of an attached float producing upward pull is to induce upward creeping, under these conditions, whereas normally it leads to downward movement. This reversal cannot be regarded as due to a mere intensification of the sensory effect ...