nowadays, because of the special and pivotal place of women in the family and nurturing future generations; problems and issues related to women has become one of the main concerns of thinkers and intellectuals. jalal al-e-ahmad (1302-1348 ahs) and mustafa lutfi al-manfaluti (1876-1924 ad) are two of the social reformers and contemporary writers in the field of persian and arabic literature. ea...

Writers from the Romantic period embraced Locke’s principle of linguistic arbitrariness as they reacted to the threat to their literary authority posed by the standardizers of English such as Samuel Johnson. Their texts articulate a desire to maximize the potential for authorial freedom that Locke’s theory of language offers. By exploiting arbitrary properties of language, writers hoped to tran...

The use of peer assessment to evaluate students’ writing is one recommended method that makes writing assignments possible in large content classes (i.e., more than 75 students). However, many instructors and students worry about whether students of all ability levels are capable of helping their peers. We examine how ability pairing (e.g., high-ability student with high-ability student versus ...

In this paper, we propose a method for assisting amateur writers in novel writing. Amateur writers can publish their work intensively through web infrastructures. This situation is beneficial, because it encourages amateur writers to enhance their skills by sharing their work. However, writing a good novel is difficult for a novice, because the novel-writing task requires the management of many...

Few medical journals specifically instruct authors to use the active voice and avoid the passive voice, but advice to that effect is common in the large number of stylebooks and blogs aimed at medical and scientific writers. Such advice typically revolves around arguments that the passive voice is less clear, less direct, and less concise than the active voice, that it conceals the identity of ...

For doctoral students, publishing in peer-reviewed journals is a task many face with anxiety and trepidation. The world of publishing, from choosing a journal, negotiating with editors and navigating reviewers’ responses is a bewildering place. Looking in from the outside, it seems that successful and productive academic writers have knowledge that is inaccessible to novice scholars. While ther...