in his discourses concerning perception of universals, mullā ṣadrā has brought up various issues. on one hand, he says that in sensory and imaginative perceptions, the soul (nafs) is the originator and creator of images and then with its substantial and ontogenetic motion it achieves its higher level of perception, i.e. rational perception, unites with the rational non-material substance named ...

One motivation for model theoretic approaches to syntax is the prospect of enabling us to “abstract fully away from the details of the grammar mechanism – to express syntactic theories purely in terms of the properties of the class of structures they license” (Rogers, 1996). This is a worthy goal: in order to see the significant relations among expressions and their parts more clearly, and to d...

Abstract Ontology deals with questions concerning what things exist, and how such may be associated according to similarities differences related within a hierarchy. provides rigorous way develop general definition of mineral species. Properties divided into two principal groups: an intrinsic property is characteristic the object independent anything else; extrinsic depends on relation between ...

What is the Problem of Universals? In this paper we take up the classic question and proceed as follows. In Sect. 1 we consider three problem solving settings and define the notion of problem solving accordingly. Basically I say that to solve problems is to eliminate undesirable, unspecified, or apparently incoherent scenarios. In Sect. 2 we apply the general observations from Sect. 1 to the Pr...