We have obtained Spitzer Space Telescope MIPS (Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer) observations of 39AthroughM-type dwarfs, with estimated ages between 12 and 600Myr; IRACobservations for a subset of 11 stars; and follow-up CSO SHARC II 350 m observations for a subset of two stars. None of the objects observed with IRAC possess infrared excesses at 3.6–8.0 m; however, seven objects observ...

The first user-friendly PCs in the 1980s and the Web in the 1990s unleashed a wave of innovation that seems to have drowned in complexity and confusion. Software developers are scrambling to keep their systems up to date with all the new standards, plug-ins, and extensions. Although we constantly hear announcements of spectacular innovations, few seem to reach maturity. The problem is, develope...

The Knoevenagel condensation reaction of aldehydes with malononitrile was described in this study, which was catalyzed by an efficient and recyclable ionic liquid-supported proline. The method represented an attractive alternative to the classical synthesis strategies and exhibited the advantage of performing homogeneous chemistry on a large scale additionally avoided large excesses of reagents...

Fisher's concepts of average effects and average excesses are at the core of the quantitative genetics theory. Their meaning and relationship have regularly been discussed and clarified. Here we develop a generalized set of one locus two-allele orthogonal contrasts for average excesses and average effects, based on the concept of the effective gene content of alleles. Our developments help unde...

We introduce the Excesses Incremental Breadth-First Search (Excesses IBFS) algorithm for maximum flow problems. We show that Excesses IBFS has the best overall practical performance on real-world instances, while maintaining the same polynomial running time guarantee of O(mn) as IBFS, which it generalizes. Some applications, such as video object segmentation, require solving a series of maximum...

The response of the polar ionosphere– thermosphere (I-T) system to electromagnetic (EM) energy input is fundamentally different to that from particle precipitation. To understand the I-T response to polar energy input one must know the intensities and spatial distributions of both EM and precipitation energy deposition. Moreover, since individual events typically display behavior different from...