A spectrum of mitral valve disease was noted in 71 per cent of 163 specimens with transposition of the great arteries. At one end of the spectrum were hearts with normal mitral valve, except that the free margin of the anterior leaflet was shortened; at the other end were specimens with underdevelopment of the space between or behind the papillary muscles of the left ventricle. In additional ...

Higher, especially university level, education has a distinctly important role in the education system and in the knowledge acquisition system in general. However, the deteriorating state of higher education in Arab countries, particularly in quality, has become one of the hallmarks of underdevelopment by contemporary criteria. If such deterioration were to continue, it is feared that higher ed...

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a biological marker of poverty and underdevelopment [1]. The frequency of this brain parasitic disease is probably high worldwide, as well as epilepsy; however, little is known about the natural history of the infection in humans. Both, NCC and epilepsy, are an increasing burden on the welfare and economy of developing countries [2]. This is why knowledge of these di...

Used as models on restricted nasal respiration, 11 individuals with a unilateral inborn occlusion of the nose were examined with regard to growth of the mid-facial skeleton. The preference to oral breathing, also a fairly constant feature in patients with chronic or allergic rhinitis with hyperplasia of the pharynx tonsil, appeared to result in a significant underdevelopment of the maxilla in t...