Prospective payment encourages managed care organizations to select low-risk patients. This article models an entitlement program utilizing patient-level competitive bidding to mitigate risk selection. Three mechanisms are tested: uniform payment, pure bidding, and a mix of payment and bidding. Results show selection always occurs under optimal uniform payment, but never under either bidding me...

A preliminary study of the employment effects of medicare payments based on Diagnosis Related Groups suggests that cost-cutting responses by hospitals will result in smaller, more highly skilled staff and a higher proportion of clerical to health care workers.

Jamal et al. [2000. Optimal payment time for a retailer under permitted delay of payment by the wholesaler. International Journal of Production Economics 66, 59–66] study a wholesaler–retailer supply chain where the retailer is given a permissible credit period to pay back the dues without paying any interest to the wholesaler. The problem is modeled as a cost minimization problem with two deci...

background and objectives: informal payment in the health settings is a significant challenge facing the health system, with consequences such as inequity in access to healthcare services, distrust to health care system, and dissatisfied customers. detailed identification of the nature of the problem is perquisite to developing relevant overcoming strategies. given that, this study aimed at pro...

The retailer (buyer) is usually allowed a permissible credit period to pay back the dues without paying any interest to the wholesaler (supplier). In this problem the retailer can pay the wholesaler either at the end of credit period or later incurring interest charges on the unpaid balance for the overdue period. This research develops a retailer's model for optimal cycle and payment times for...

As a general branch of project scheduling problems, resource investment problem (RIP) considers resource availabilities as decision variables to determine a level of employed resources minimizing the costs of the project. In addition to costs (cash outflows), researchers in the later extensions of the RIP took payments (cash inflows) received from clients into account and used the net present v...

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have increasingly been implemented to protect and restore ecosystems worldwide. The effectiveness of conservation investments in PES may differ under alternative policy scenarios and may not be sustainable because of uncertainties in human responses to policies and dynamic human-nature interactions. To assess the impacts of these interactions on the effecti...