Vascular tissue contains abundant elastic fibers that contribute to vessel elasticity. Vonapanitase (formerly PRT-201) is a recombinant human chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 1 (CELA1) shown to cleave the elastin component of elastic fibers, resulting in increased vessel diameter. The purpose of these current studies was to determine vein diameter, wall thickness, elastin content, and v...

The circulatory system consists of veins and arteries. Compared with arteries, veins have been neglected in cardiovascular research. Although veins are significantly less muscular than similarly sized arteries, the contribution of veins to cardiovascular homeostasis cannot be left un-noted because veins accommodate 70% of the circulating blood. Circulating blood platelets contain the majority o...

The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of progesterone in the development of primary varicose veins on lower limbs during pregnancy. In 50 primiparae with varicose veins, serum progesterone level was quantitatively determined in the 14th week of pregnancy and results were compared with those obtained in a control group of 25 primiparae without visible varicose veins. The mean...

If veins were rigid tubes, then a change in mean right auricular pressure would cause a corresponding change in the peripheral venous pressure, provided the velocity of blood flowing along the veins remained constant. However, veins are not rigid, but collapsible, and it has been shown by Lyon, Kennedy and Burwell (1938), and by Holt (1940), that peripheral venous pressure, referred to the leve...

If veins were rigid tubes, then a change in mean right auricular pressure would cause a corresponding change in the peripheral venous pressure, provided the velocity of blood flowing along the veins remained constant. However, veins are not rigid, but collapsible, and it has been shown by Lyon, Kennedy and Burwell (1938), and by Holt (1940), that peripheral venous pressure, referred to the leve...

Saphenous Veins are described in Anatomy textbooks as superficial veins running in the amorphous fatty layer of the lower limbs. Recent papers have demonstrated the complex fascial relationship of Saphenous Veins with the connective framework of the lower limb hypodermis. The aim of the present paper was to systematically review the anatomy of lower limb superficial veins, based upon echographi...

The veins of the brain have no muscular tissue in their thin walls and possess no valves. They emerge from the brain and lie in the subarachnoid space. They pierce the arachnoid mater and the meningeal layer of the dura and drain into the cranial venous sinuses. The cerebral venous system can be divided into a superficial and a deep system. The superficial system comprises sagittal sinuses and ...

The jugular venous system constitutes the primary venous drainage of the head and neck. It includes a profundus or subfascial venous system, formed by the two internal jugular veins, and a superficial or subcutaneous one, formed by the two anterior and two external jugular veins. We report one case of unilateral anatomical variations of the external and anterior jugular veins. Particularly, on ...

Knowledge of anatomic variants of veins in the arm and axilla play a key role in planning of successful venous access. Possible anatomic variants of axillary vein, brachial vein and basilic vein and their clinical implications have been well described in the literature. We report a rare case of formation of a short axillary vein associated with complex venous communications between the basilic ...

PURPOSE We present a systematic study of the anatomical relationship between the intrarenal veins and the kidney collecting system in pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The intrarenal anatomy (collecting system and veins) was studied in 61, 3-dimensional endocasts of the kidney collecting system together with the intrarenal veins. RESULTS There are free anastomoses between the intrarenal veins. Th...