Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a useful therapeutic agent in insulin resistant diabetes mellitus due to insulin receptor disease because of its hypoglycaemic effects through the IGF-I receptor. A girl with typical type A insulin resistant syndrome was treated with IGF-I for two years and the treatment was effective in ameliorating hyperglycaemia. Overproduction of testosterone in polyc...

Insulin is as a major postprandial hormone with profound effects on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. In the absence of exogenous insulin, patients with type 1 diabetes exhibit a variety of metabolic abnormalities including hyperglycemia, glycosurea, accelerated ketogenesis, and muscle wasting due to increased proteolysis. We analyzed plasma from type 1 diabetic (T1D) humans during ins...

Pancreatogenic diabetes (PD), secondary either to chronic calcific pancreatitis or to pancreatectomy, is characterized by higher frequency of hypoglycemic events during insulin therapy in comparison with type I insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD). Not only glucagon deficiency, but an enhanced peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin could account for this metabolic behavior. We investigated severa...

Most brain insulin comes from the pancreas and is taken up by the brain by what appears to be a receptor-based carrier. Type 2 diabetes animal models associated with insulin resistance show reduced insulin brain uptake and content. Recent data point to changes in the insulin receptor cascade in obesity-related insulin resistance, suggesting that brain insulin receptors also become less sensitiv...

The capsaicin receptor, transient receptor potential, vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), is a Ca(2+)-permeable ion channel activated by noxious stimuli eliciting pain. Several reports have shown modulation of TRPV1 activity and expression by neuronal growth factors. Here, we study the long-term effects on TRPV1 expression mediated by insulin-like growth factor type-I (IGF-I) and insulin in a stably TRPV...

Diabetes includes various heterogeneous factors. Similar to subtypes of type 1 diabetes, 2 diabetes may show four subtype clusters. They are cluster A: severe insulin-deficient B: insulin-resistant C: mild obesity-related and D: age-related diabetes. Comparing them, the prevalence nephropathy cardiovascular events was highest in A. Reference data i) ratio A-D is 18.7%, 23.7%, 21.1%, 36.4%, ii) ...

Patients with diabetes are subdivided into at least two subgroups: those with insulindependent diabetes mellitus (Type I) and those with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type II). Both groups of patients have abnormalities in the sensitivity of their tissue to insulin, as well as abnormalities in beta (B)-cell function. In type I diabetes, a marked decrease in the number of B-cells is t...