Circular Polarization is a method in which the electric field of the passing wave does not change the strength but only changes direction in a rotary manner. Circular polarization may be referred to as right-handed or lefthanded, and clockwise or anti-clockwise, depending on the direction in which the electric field vector rotates. Circular polarization is often used erroneously to describe mix...

NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN) has been using both 70-m and 34-m reflector antennas to communicate with spacecraft at S-band (2.3 GHz) and X-band (8.45 GHz). To improve the quality of telecommunication and to meet future mission requirements, JPL has been developing 34-m Ka-band (32-GHz) beamwaveguide antennas. Presently, antenna pointing operates in either the open-loop mode with blind pointi...

In recent years, a large number of dual-band antennas have been developed for wireless applications [1]-[6]. Most of these dual-band antennas are used for mobile terminals, such as cellular phones or laptop computers. For such applications, the desirable radiation patterns are usually omnidirectional. A unidirectional radiation pattern is sometime required for wireless base station and/or acces...

The study of microstrip patch antennas has made great progress in recent years. Compared with conventional antennas, microstrip patch antennas have more advantages and better prospects. They are lighter in weight, low volume, low cost, low profile, smaller in dimension and ease of fabrication and conformity. Moreover, the microstrip patch antennas can provide dual and circular polarizations, du...

In this paper, compact antenna has been designed and implemented in a 2X2 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system. The antennas are compact double-sided printed microstrip patch antennas and fed by a microstrip line designed for a frequency of 2.4 GHz used for industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band applications. Polarization diversity of the two antennas is used to construct indepen...