Arabidopsis flowers have four petals. Other floral organs are not represented on the diagram. KLU expression in petals is shown in red. Wild-type tissue is shown in yellow whereas klu mutant tissue is shown in blue. Wild-type flowers are larger than klu mutant flowers. Flowers that contain wild-type and mutant tissue (chimeric flowers) are of intermediate size between wild-type and mutant flowe...

Matches between the bills of hummingbirds and the flowers they visit have been interpreted as examples of coadaptation and feeding specialization. Observations of birds feeding at flowers longer or shorter than their bills combined with a lack of experimental evidence for foraging trade-offs, however, fail to support these interpretations. We addressed these inconsistencies by considering a sel...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Eriocaulaceae (Poales) is currently divided in two subfamilies: Eriocauloideae, which comprises two genera and Paepalanthoideae, with nine genera. The floral anatomy of Actinocephalus polyanthus, Leiothrix fluitans, Paepalanthus chlorocephalus, P. flaccidus and Rondonanthus roraimae was studied here. The flowers of these species of Paepalanthoideae are unisexual, and form ca...

Plants often grow in clusters of various sizes and have a variable number of flowers per inflorescence. This small-scale spatial clustering affects insect foraging strategies and plant reproductive success. In our study, we aimed to determine how visitation rate and foraging behaviour of pollinators depend on the number of flowers per plant and on the size of clusters of multiple plants using D...

Brassica napus Linnaeus is considered a self-compatible crop; however, studies show that bee foraging elevates their seed production. Considering bee food shortages during the winter season and that the canola is a winter crop, this study aimed to evaluate the foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 regarding those flowers, and to verify if it presents adequate behaviour for success...

That hummingbird-pollinated plants predominantly have red flowers has been known for decades, but well-investigated research studies are still rare. Preference tests have shown that hummingbirds do not have an innate preference for red colours. In addition, hummingbirds do not depend solely upon red flowers, because white-flowered hummingbird-pollinated plants are also common and temporarily ab...

'The great appear great, because we are on our knees. Let us rise!,' wrote Larkin. Jean Faugier ( 1 ) described the 'tall poppy syndrome' and spoke of 'bold, nonconformist', brightly- coloured flowers being chopped down mercilessly by farmers just because they were different and stood above the rest in the wheatfields.

Suicide is a serious social and health problem in Korea [1]. According to a 2005 report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [2], Korea had the highest suicide rate with nearly 30 deaths per 100,000 population. Many studies have found that suicidal ideation and attempts among lesbians, gay men, and bisexual persons are higher than among heterosexual individuals (or gener...

This is an experimental review essay responding to Michael Marder’s Plant-Thinking: A Philosophy of Vegetal Life (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013). The essay departs from the ordinary structure of comparing three books on a similar theme. Instead three of Marder’s concepts, plant “nourishment,” “desire” and “language” are explored through readings of Gabrielle de Vietri’s installation...

Australian crab spiders Thomisus spectabilis manipulate visual flower signals to lure introduced Apis mellifera. We gave Australian native bees, Austroplebia australis, the choice between two white daisies, Chrysanthemum frutescens, one of them occupied by a crab spider. The colour contrast between flowers and spiders affected the behaviour of native bees. Native bees approached spider-occupied...