How to structure IP laws in order to maximize social welfare by striking the right balance between incentives to innovate and access to innovation is an empirical question. It is a challenging one to answer, both because innovation is difficult to value and because changes in IP protection are rare. The 1995 TRIPS agreement provides a unique opportunity to explore this question for two reasons....

In the present study, we investigated the effects of a forest bathing on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters. Nineteen middle-aged male subjects were selected after they provided informed consent. These subjects took day trips to a forest park in Agematsu, Nagano Prefecture, and to an urban area of Nagano Prefecture as control in August 2015. On both trips, they walked 2.6 km for 80 min eac...

When the Uruguay Rounds concluded in 1994, many countries signed on to the trade agreements creating the World Trade Organization (WTO) in hopes of benefiting from a system of trade rules “dedicated to open, fair and undistorted competition” (1). WTO members also undertook to implement the TradeRelated Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. Developing countries, major develo...

Ramp meters in the Twin Cities have been the subject of a recent test of their effectiveness, involving turning them off for 8 weeks. This paper analyzes the results with and without ramp metering for several representative freeways during the afternoon peak period, depending on data availability. Seven performance measures: accessibility, mobility, equity, productivity, consumer surplus, trave...

Increasing traffic congestion in U.S. suburbs can be explained to a large degree by their rapid growth. Much is still to be learned, however, about the causes of and variations in traffic congestion. The results of investigations of variations in travel behavior across social groups and between locations are presented. The investigations were based on a mid-1989 mail-back survey of individuals ...

There are acute disparities in pharmaceutical access between developing and industrialized countries. Developing countries make up approximately 80% of the world's population but only represent approximately 20% of global pharmaceutical consumption. Among the many barriers to drug access are the potential consequences of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreemen...

1 1. Introduction As a consequence of the TRIPS Agreement at the WTO, many developing countries have implemented or strengthened product patents in pharmaceuticals in recent years, though the Doha Declaration of 2001 clarified that the least developed WTO members may delay such implementation or enforcement of drug patents until 2016. TRIPS requires the provision of patents across virtually all...

This paper presents a method for speeding up a deep parser through backbone extraction and pruning based on CFG ambiguity packing.1 The TRIPS grammar is a wide-coverage grammar for deep natural language understanding in dialogue, utilized in 6 different application domains, and with high coverage and sentence-level accuracy on human-human task-oriented dialogue corpora (Dzikovska, 2004). The TR...

Kanishka Bhaduri Netflix Inc. 100 Winchester Cir. Los Gatos, CA, 95032 United States Tel.: 408 540 3331 (office) E-mail: [email protected] Abstract An automatic service to match commuting trips has been designed. Candidate carpoolers register their personal profile and a set of periodically recurring trips. The Global CarPooling Matching Service (GCPMS) shall advise registered candidates ho...

BACKGROUND Changes in urban mobility play a major role in transforming metropolitan areas into healthier places. This study quantified the impact of changes in travel mode shift and trip distance on active and non-active transportation of working age adult population of São Paulo. METHODS AND FINDINGS Through different scenarios, we estimated the daily time spent in transportation per inhabit...