depression is a serious disorder in today’s society, with the estimates of lifetime prevalence being as high as 21% of the general population in some developed countries. as defined by the american psychiatric association, depression is a heterogeneous disorder often manifested with symptoms at the psychological, behavioral, and physiological levels. such patients are often reluctant to take sy...

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were developed with the idea of removing from the pharmacological profile of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) all of the activities which were thought to be responsible for their adverse effects. Thus interactions with the muscarinic cholinergic receptor, the histamine receptor, and the α1 adrenoceptor were avoided. In addition, the ability to inhi...

background: migraine is a chronic  neurological  disorder, characterized  by recurrent  moderate to severe headaches. worldwide migraine a=ects nearly 15%. studies suggest that genes involved in the production of nitric oxide (no) may act as genetic  factors for migraine. no synthase  3 (nos3) by expressing  enzyme nos regulates  endothelial  derived no. one  class of  medications   used  as  f...

SSRIs are chemically distinct from traditional antidepressants such as tricyclic, tetracyclic, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, but they share the same mechanism of action in that selectively potently inhibit serotonin neuronal reuptake while having no or very little effect on norepinephrine, acetylcholine, histamine reuptake. As a result, when compared to other tricyclic tetracyclic antidepre...

Problem statement: Many recent studies have shown that antidepressant agents have analgesic effects in addition to their intended primary actions. The Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) have been recognized as an effective first-line treatment of human neuropathic pain but unfortunately they display a wide range of side effects. Recent studies have shown that Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibito...

Antidepressant prescribing patterns and factors influencing the choice of antidepressant for the treatment of depression were examined in the Factors Influencing Depression Endpoints Research (FINDER) study, a prospective, observational study in 12 European countries of 3468 adults about to start antidepressant medication for their first episode of depression or a new episode of recurrent depre...

With treatment to remission as the gold standard for depression treatment, there is considerable reassessment of treatment approaches with the view to finding and employing agents capable of rapidly eliminating all symptoms and returning patients to normalcy. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the most commonly prescribed antidepressants, have a single-action mechanism involve...

OBJECTIVE To review the literature for reported cases of mania related to discontinuing antidepressant treatment, as well as for possible explanations of this phenomenon, and to present a case report. METHOD We undertook a literature review through the PubMed index, using the key words mania, antidepressant withdrawal, and antidepressants in bipolar disorder. We reviewed 11 articles featuring...

Children and adolescents suffering from anxiety disorders may require pharmacotherapy. Tricyclic antidepressants are often prescribed in these instances. Unfortunately, most clinical research analyzing the effectiveness of tricyclic antidepressants on anxiety disorders has focused exclusively on adult patients. This critical review examines those studies that have investigated the effects of tr...